Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
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Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesir & Associate Professor Department of Anthropology Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University Syracuse, New York. 13244Paper prepared for SANREM-CRSPFinal Draft384430Introduction1My paper critically assesses key issues and approaches in community-based natural resource con Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesflict management in light of USAID’s recent framework ‘Nature, Wealth, and Power’ (NWP). Its purpose is to provide a clearer understanding of challengDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
es and options regarding natural resource conflicts and attempts to manage or resolve them. Africa appears to be experiencing increasing conflicts conDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesows that localized conflicts can erupt into widespread violence and upheaval, resulting in human rights abuses, disrupted economies, and dislocated populations. Because land and natural resources are so close to livelihoods and identities in Africa, conflicts over their access and use demand special Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes attention for anyone concerned with its development.There are four pans to this paper. The introductory section contains a brief assessment about theDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
NWP framework, including some of its assumptions about conflict management and the broader agenda of African development. The framework offers a posiDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes the issues and problems associated with nature.'resources, wealth'economics, and power/governance highlighted in NWP? What contributes to their perpetuation? Such information is vital for proper planning, including overcoming obstacles and pitfalls arising from inaccurate or incorrect assumptions. Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesThe next two sections of my paper try to address this need by examining the social and historical dimensions of African land and natural resource confDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
licts. The analysis identifies the intractable nature of many of these conflicts, which originate in inequalities embedded in the national policy framDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes their national policies through a range of interventions, including many recent participatory endeavors. At the same time, the paper reveals how political, economic, demographic, and other socioeconomic factors are altering people’s relationship to land and to each other, triggering more conflicts. Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes Unfortunately, it is not possible to present detailed case materials in this paper, though hopefully readers will consult the references for furtherDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
information.Given this setting, the last part of the paper examines current practices in natural resource conflict management. It opens with a discussDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomeslicts. The paper next looks at strengths and weaknesses of three major modes of conflict management processes: Alternative Dispute Resolution, which is popular W’ith international donors; national legal systems; and informal conflict management, which the NWP framework identifies as highly significa Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesnt. All three modes offer enormous potential, yet they all possess limitations, including all sharing problems of accessibility for women, the poor, aDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
nd other socially marginalized groups. It is also noted that evaluative studies of Alternative Dispute Resolution’s effectiveness and impacts are requDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesparticular situation is something that needs to be decided on a situation-specific basis -there is no easy guide. Overall, it is crucial for the NWP framework to maintain its focus on11 am grateful to Carlos Perez, Carla Roncoli, and David Brokensha for their comments on previous drafts.1governance Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesand power issues. Good governance is a prerequisite for truly effective natural resource conflict management, which itself is ail essential componentDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
for securing and improving livelihoods. As Gay (2004: 80) observes, however, the meaning of “good governance” ought to be defined by people out ol theDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes Wealth, and Power is a 35-page document offering a guide for future rural development investment in Aftica. At first glance its appealing design of text interspersed by wide margins, colorful information boxes, and figures make it appear to be light reading. Yet there arc many profound and compelli Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesng passages contained within it. The NWP framework’s principles and action recommendations derive from a synthesis of the experience of natural resourDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
ce-based interventions during tire past two decades, rhe core concept is that policies and programs must integrate environmental management (nature), Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomeserpoint to the chronic pessimism and gloom about Africa’s future, rhe framework emphasizes the role of knowledge, social learning, capacity building, and incentives, as well as markets and other institutional settings where people can make choices about natural resources in their own self-interest. Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesNWP acknowledges the need to address political dimensions of resource access, particularly the pressing issues of exclusion and tenure insecurity, whiDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
ch can prevent people from exercising such choice. Achieving the good governance necessary to fulfill die NWP vision of environmental and economic susDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesnd establishing institutional forums or platforms, especially at the local level, where ongoing and inclusive communication about natural resource issues is possible. It also requires making officials more accountable, reallocating authority to institutions best positioned to exercise them, and fost Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesering pluralistic approaches to problem solving.The principles and recommendations of the NWP framework have significant implications for managing natDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
ural resource conflicts, creating the potential for new rights regimes and policy frameworks (hat are more sensitive to the needs of most rural dwelleDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes management,” including use of “nonformal” processes and mechanisms, rhe NWP framework also wains of relying on consensual approaches to natural resource (and presumably coni lid) management:Consensus is positive when freely given and adequately informed, but this is rarely die case. In addition, co Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesnsensus, even if reached, can impede creativity and productive effort. Other approaches arc needed that respect diversity’, recognize restrained dissoDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
nance or bounded conflict, and respect the autonomy of others (NWP2002:31).rhe choice of words is somewhat ambiguous, since the phrase “facilitate conDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesjor obstacles" exist to the use of consensual approaches to natural resource management.2There is much 10 commend in the NWP framework, particularly its thoughtful attention to power and governance dimensions. Recognition of procedural rights, participatory decision-making, accountability for author Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesities, the need for conflict management, and avoidance of simplistic consensual models are vital issues for strengthening livelihoods and promoting suDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
stainable resource management. In spite of its carefully crafted design, the NWP framework has troubling omissions that render it vulnerable into becoDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa: A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and OutcomesA. Peter Castro Chai Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomesg nature, wealth, and power in Africa. For example, the NWP framework slates that despite the continent’s rich natural resource endowment, “many rural Africans remain mired in poverty, resources are often mismanaged, and rural people largely disenfranchised" (NWP 2002: 3). Ineffective and inequitabl Developing Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomese natural resource management is also portrayed as contributing to conflicts at the regional to local levels (NWP 2002: 31). How this appalling situatDeveloping Local Capacity for Management of Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa A Review of Key Issues, Approaches, and Outcomes
ion originated and is perpetuated is not revealed. Indicative of this ahistorical approach is the absence of the word ‘colonial’ in the text.2 The texGọi ngay
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