MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
RevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCed at the Plenary Session of the African Economic Research Consortium, May 29, 2005. The views and interpretations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the countries they represent.1IntroductionWorldwide migration pressures are e MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCxpected to rise with growing demographic and economic differences between developed and developing countries. About three percent of the world’s populMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
ation - more than the combined populations of Nigeria and South Africa - has moved from their countries of origin to live and work elsewhere. The incrRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCder how best to make use of these human and financial flows.A sizeable amount of research has been conducted on the topic of migration over the last few years. Early studies on immigration policy assumed that migrants leave their countries, settle in a new country, start integrating in their new soc MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCiety, and abandon their ties with their country' of origin. Today, however, globalization makes it possible for immigrants to remain connected with thMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
eir native countries while residing abroad, thus diminishing their loss of identity and separation from their countries of origin.This paper reviews eRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCg flows of people and migrant remittances worldwide, it focuses on the current literature dealing with the development impact of transfers of money, knowledge, and skills by migrants back to their home countries. The paper also examines the complex question of the impact of highly skilled migration MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCon labor sending countries.There is a continuing debate over what role migration should play in the mix of policies available in order to promote econMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
omic development. Although mechanisms for liberalizing goods, sen-ices and capital markets are in place, the international mobility of labor still facRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC options to make migration management bilateral, regional, or global. It also considers the relationship between international trade and development policies and migration policies.The paper is organized in six sections besides this introduction. Section 2 discusses global and regional trends in mig MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCration. Section 3 presents the latest trends and issues in international remittances. Section 4 discusses the impact of migration on growth and povertMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
y reduction in labor sending countries. Section 5 highlights some elements of the current policy debate on migration and remittances, and Section 6 coRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCaw mass movements of people from Europe to North America and Australasia, loday, however, many migrants flow from developing to developed countries for a variety of economic, political and personal reasons. These late 20“ and 21" century migration flows from the South to the North have been fueled b MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCy:•Reduced transport and communications costs, making it easier for people to move back and forth, and making people more aware of opportunities in otMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
her countries.•Economic and political instability in a number of countries located in Central and Eastern Europe and in Africa, and,•Strong economic cRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCce of international migration, we have surprisingly little systematic evidence about its scale, structure and regional distribution. The UN World Economic Survey, 2004 reviews global trends in the stock of international migrants by major region for the period 1960-2000. These estimates are based on MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCcensus data for 210 countries. The data for 156 of them relate to the number of foreign-boni persons. For a furdier 54. the data available refer to thMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
e number of foreigners.The number of international migrants in the world rose from 76 million in 1960 to 82 million in 1970, and then more than doubleRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCy concerns after September 11 and the SARS scale in Asia. In all likelihood, the LN data seriously underestimate the actual number of international migrants produced by any given labor-exporting country’, because they do not include the large number of illegal migrants working in the United States a MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCnd OECD Europe.Where do migrants go?International migration to industrial counuies increased continuously between 1970 and 2000, and the share of migrMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
ants in industrial countries’ populations almost doubled over the thirty year period. (Table 2.2). By contrast, migration to developing countries declRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC) fell (Figure 2.1).11The breakup of the Soviet Union and emergence of 15 new independent countries in 1991 Cleared new populations of “international” migrants without migration having taken place (UNPD. 2004).3Geographic proximity continues to be a significant determinant of migration patterns, as MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCevidenced by the large flows between Mexico and the United Slates, North Africa and Southern Europe, Eastern European countries and Western Europe andMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
among Middle Eastern countries. Cultural, historical and colonial ties, and the networks built up over many years, also prompt large movements, for eRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCgether account for 20 percent of the foreign population in Portugal. (OECD 2005). But there also have been important changes in the geographical composition of migrant flows. More Asians are today seeking work in other Asian countries, and more Latin Americans are turning to Europe for work opportun MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCities (Wickramasekera 2002; OECD 2005; IOM 2005).Migration to OECD CountriesThe OECD (2005) has recently published revised time series data on the stoMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
ck of migrants in OECD countries by region of origin (Table 2.3). These data are the most comprehensive available for migration into two significant lRevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCown number of international migrants working in other labor-receiving regions like the Arab Gulf and South Africa. Nor, do they capture south-south migration in such important regions as Asia and Africa.Migration data by country of destination depend on census data and on the definition of “foreign MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCborn” residents. Most European OECD countries use an ethnicity-based definition of immigration status. This method classifies a person on the basis ofMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
the ethnicity of the parent, rather than on place of birth. Thus, a child of Turkish parents born in Germany is typically classified as an immigrant.RevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC census data means that undocumented immigrants may fail to report their immigration status, providing an offsetting downward bias to the estimates. In the case of the United States, migration estimates are constructed using the “place of birth for the foreign-born population." It is not clear how m MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCany of those who enter the United States illegally are included in the “foreign-born" population figures. Some observers have suggested, that U.S. CenMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
sus data may grossly undercount the actual migrant population that is living - legally or illegally - in the United States.According to the OECD (2005RevisedDraftFor DiscussionMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT:A Review of Global EvidenceJohn Page and Sonia Plaza The World Bank38582Paper presente MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCaccounted for half of this population. (Table 2.3) These proportions are relatively small when compared to other regions, such as Asia, which has the largest stock of total foreign bom living in OECD countries. A number of nationalities now dominate immigrant inflows to the OECD countries, namely Ru MIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOCssians and Ukrainians as well as Chinese and Indians (OECD 2005). The stock of Latin American immigrants amounts to more than 15 million persons, amonMIGRATION REMITTANCES AND DEVELOPMENT A REVIEW OF GLOBAL EVIDENCE.DOC
g whom Argentines, Venezuelans and, more recently, Bolivian and Ecuadorians, comprise the largest groups. A higher proportion of Latin Americans can bGọi ngay
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