Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
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Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
Cultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption papern University of OxfordPaper prepared for discussion at the Workshop on Consumption, Modernity and the West:Rethinking Narratives of Consumerism California Institute of Technology 16-17 April 2004Nothing in this paper may be cited, quoted or summarised or reproduced without permission of the author(s Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper)Cultures of Consumption, and ESRC-AHRB Research ProgrammeBirkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HXTel: + 44 (0) 20 7079 0601Fax: - 44 (0) 20 7Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
079 0602^^CQnsume.bbk.acAikDate: June 2004Working Paper No: 13Part I: Introduction1111Global governance in the water sector appears to be coming of agCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperted Nations conferences and gatherings dating from the 1970s2121 and the so-called 'International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade during the 1980s has since the 1990s taken a distinct turn towards the private sector, with an important 1992 UN conference endorsing for the first time the principl Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption papere that water be treated as an economic good.3131 After private sector investment in water between 1990 and 1997 increased 7,300% on 1974-1990 investmeMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
nt levels,4141 intergovernmental activities in relation to water have intensified,5151 and are increasingly incorporating the private sector as a key Cultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper based is funded by the ESRC and the AHRB under Research Grant 143-25-0031, in the Research Programme on Cultures of Consumption, and their support is gratefully acknowledged.2Mar del Plata Conference 1977.International Conference on Water and the Environment. Dublin 1992. The other 3 principles rec Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperognise the importance of participatory approaches in water development and management, the importance of the role of women, and the status of water asMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
a a finite, essential and vulnerable resource.4Private sector investment in the water sector between 1974 and 1990 was US$300 million; between 1990 aCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperor the Private Sector. 1-8, The World Bank Group: Finance. Private Sector and Infrastructure Network.5One of the Millenium Development Goals set at the UN Summit of 2000 committed to halve the 1.5 billion people in the world without access to safe drinking water. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper Development in Johannesburg extended this goal to the 2.5 billion lacking sewage, also to be halved by 2015. The United Nations Commission on SustainMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
able Development has chosen water, sanitation and human settlement as the focus of its implementation cycle for 2004 and 2005. In January 2004, the EuCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperype II WSSD partnerships. Although less than 10% of all water in the world is currently managed by the private sector, by 2000. at least 93 countries had partially privatized water or wastewater services: LeClerc and Raes (2001), Water; a World Financial Issue. PricewaterhouseCoopers, Sustainable De Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption papervelopment Series. Paris, France.2own terms,7171 but not without growing resistance and criticism from civil society. The deeply politically divisive nMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
ature of water issues has already led to what some have hailed as the first true institutional innovation in global governance, the World Commission oCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperored from standard representative and accountability mechanisms, and tasked them with generating general principles to guide the funding and building of dams. More recently, a Global Water Scoping Review'* *1'*1 has been established to explore the possibility of establishing another, similar, global Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper institution on a different but equally contested issue. That issue, private sector participation in domestic water service delivery, is the focus ofMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
this paper. It is an issue that links the prominence of the corporate private sector in recent developments in governance with a contested view of accCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperand drinking water is one that has to be forged, but even in developed countries the economic implications of full cost recovery spark a resistance to the notion that water is an object of 'ordinary consumption'.7 In 2000 the business magazine Fortune 500 declared water to be the oil of the 21” cent Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperury (Fortune. May 15 2000). In April 2003. Schwab Capital Markets hosted a Global Water Conference for investors in Washington DC.?? published GlobalMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
Water Market. In 2004 the World Economic Forum at Davis announced a new Water Initiative: http:/7www.weforum.orq/site/homepublic.nsfl,'Content,-The4-WCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper.3The main focus of this paper is to analyse the political and legal struggle over the growing trend of supplying urban drinking water101101 on a commercial, for-profit basis, often by multinational corporations.111111 The analysis focuses in the first instance on the patterns of global governance t Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperhat are being constructed by this struggle. The reason for this is that the broader political significance of 'constructing consumers' in the arena ofMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
water can only be understood by situating strategies that rely on and shape specific identities (not only consumers but also for example subjects of Cultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperin the struggle to a greater degree than the discursive identity of 'consumer' or ‘citizen’.Most of the paper, then, will lay out the findings of recent empirical evidence. The research project is only mid-way through the collection of evidence,121121and the theoretical implications of this evidence Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper will be confined to a brief:0 The project limits do not extend to rural water supply nor - except tangentially where they have special salience for eMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
nd-delivery politics - to the larger terrain of water resources.11In all the case studies, the commercial basis for water provision (i.e. its commodifCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption papervate providers will not be explored in detail in this paper: suffice to say that tentative early findings suggest that private operators are more adversarial and more secretive, and more willing to deprive people of water altogether than public operators, while public operator strategies for warding Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper off challenge are more likely to include inertia and clientilism.12Thus far. my research has focused on both the international level and on three natMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
ionalcomparative case studies carried out in South Africa. Chile and New Zealand. Three more case studies {Bolivia. Argentina and France) will follow,Cultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen Morgan Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperng a number of different dimensions that explore a cross-section of possible governance contexts. They all involve one or more of the three largest multinational water companies. They include both developing countries and OECD countries {Argentina, Boliva, Chile. France. New Zealand, South Africa), Morgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paperand a full range of different legal structures {one concession, two management contracts, two privatisations, one public-private partnership). I may aMorgan Cal-tech Cultures of Consumption paper
lso conduct a desk study of the recent US experience of private sector delivery of water by foreign multinationals in Stockton, California. Atlanta anCultures of ConsumptionWorking Paper SeriesEmerging Global Water WelfarismAccess to Water, Unruly Consumers and Transnational GovernanceBronwen MorganGọi ngay
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