Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
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Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
COLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information SURVEY DATA, GIS DATA FORMSAPPENDIX 2Prepared byCenter for Coastal Management and Policy Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062July, 1994under cooperative agreement number CA4000-1-0018AcknowledgementsThis effort was funded through a Cooper Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationative Agreement with the National Park Service. Special thanks to George Thomas who provided invaluable time and effort in the collection of GPS dataPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
and the preparation of this document. Assistance in the field was provided by Julie Glover, Anna Kenne, and Marcia Berman. Harry Berquist and Marcia BCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationon of this report.PrefaceApplications for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in the field of resource management is now widely recognized. Since resource management often targets spatially oriented data elements, it is no surprise that the development of this W Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationater Resource Management Plan has included a significant amount of digital mapping. This appendix presents methodologies for the development of the nePlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
w, 1990 hydrology coverage (section 1), a collection of GPS data points which were surveyed for photographic rectification (section 2), and specificatCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information................................ /IPreface........................................................... /iiDevelopment of SurfaceHydrologyCoverage..................... /1Aerial Photo RegistrationPoints Files............................. /9COLOGIS Files.................................................. Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information.. /106iiiDEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE HYDROLOGY COVERAGEIntroductionFundamental to any water resource management plan is a reliable database which delineatPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
es the position of the shoreline. A major component of this project was to generate a new surface hydrology coverage from recent aerial photography. ECOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationdegree of resolution or scale required for assessing local hydrologic conditions. While beyond the scope of activities outlined for this particular project, there is considerable interest among park personnel to assess the shoreline characteristics and conditions. This shoreline mapping effort provi Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationdes COLO with an accurate delineation of the recent shoreline position in digital format for inclusion in the COLO Geographic Information System (GIS)Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
database. The accuracy of future investigations of shoreline dynamics and characteristics will be enhanced by the availability of this coverage.The mCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationning System (GPS) survey to register the images geographically. Third, the shoreline position was digitized directly from the photographs for inclusion in the GIS database. Finally the composite digital record of the shoreline was checked using GPS to determine accuracy standards. A detailed descrip Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationtion of the methodology follows.Acquisition of Aerial PhotographyAfter an exhaustive search of the availability of aerial photographs to support the mPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
apping exercise, it was determined that the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) had the most recent aerial coverage for COLO. VDOT routinely COLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information(40-60% overlap) at a scale of 1:12,000.The available imagery covering COLO property was photographed between April 19 and April 24, 1990. Orientation of the flight lines was north/south. Since COLO is roughly oriented east/west, panels of parallel flight lines were selected to complete the aerial c Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationoverage of the park. The park area known as Swann's Point on the James River in Surry County was not available in the photographic archives at VDOT. TPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
herefore, this section of COLO is not included in the shoreline coverage.As indicated above, the original scale of the photography was 1:12,000, or 1 COLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationrint was desirable. According to VDOT officials in the Aerial Photography Section, the 9x9 prints could be enlarged as much as four times their original size without loss of resolution. In order to minimize granulation in the imagery; which oftenaccompanies enlargements, 27x27 inch prints with a sca Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationle of 1:3,996 (1 inch = 333 feet) were selected. This selection could maximize the ability to digitize fine features without limiting the clarity of tPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
he image.Geo-Rectification ProcedureSince photography has no spatial coordinates associated with the image, it must be geo-rectified before it can be COLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information map projection. Once this is accomplished the image is said to be geo-rectified. Several procedures exist for doing this. The most accurate method is to field survey identifiable points on the image using precise and accurate survey instruments. Of the many types available, a GPS provides the highe Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationst level of accuracy with the shortest amount of surveying time. GPS uses satellites and differential processing to compute distances and determine poPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
sitions with a positional accuracy of two centimeters. Accuracy using GPS varies depending on the quality of the satellite observation window, the obsCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationble Navigation (1991, 1992). Instrumentation used in this project included three Trimble 4000ST single frequency, c/a code receivers. The receivers are equipped with both static (stationary) and kinematic (mobile) survey capabilities. Both techniques were applied in this study. The Trimble Trimvec P Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationlus and Trimnet software packages were used to process the data and build the survey network.A network of high order control points was surveyed initiPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
ally to establish benchmarks to which the photo control points, also known as geo-reference points, would be tied. These points serve as base stationsCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationd photo control station, two high order control benchmarks had to be established. Since these sites would serve as base stations for subsequent data collection, it was essential they be located in areas where the observation windows would not be interrupted due to interference with objects such as t Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationrees or tall buildings. Observation windows assume that line of site between the satellites overhead and the receiver is clear. Additionally, the abilPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
ity to leave the base stations unattended was also desirable. This was the principle justification for establishing new control in the area rather thaCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPS Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Informationion would be in jeopardy if left unattended. The rooftops of Maury Hall on the VIMS campus in Gloucester Point, and Small Hall on the William and Mary College Campus in Williamsburg were selected for the two base station sites. Access to these sites is controlled and limited by University policy.Two Plan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information existing monuments in the vicinity of the VIMS campus were used to establish the base station on Maury Hall. One of the existing monuments was set byPlan_WRMP,_Appendix_2,_GIS_Mapping_Information
VDOT using GPS technology. The second monument was set by the National GeodeticCOLONIAL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANMAPPING FOR THE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC COVERAGE GPSGọi ngay
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