refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
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refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
Refugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaAfrica: the integration of host and refugee land use patterns. Land use Policy 10: 49-66Jon D. Unruh, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Geography McGill University 805 Sherbrooke st w. Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 2K6 Tel: 514-398-8989 Fax: 514-398-7437 Email: jon.unruh@mcgill.caAbstractThe en refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaormity of the African refugee problem underscores the importance of resettlement issues in land use planning. Efforts to resettle subsistence-orientedrefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
agricultural populations have often come into conflict with host, or in-place land uses as competition for scarce resources lead to land degradation,Refugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africarefugee land-use patterns can become integrated or reconciled. The majority of African refugee populations reside on the Horn and in the Sahel, where arid and semi-arid ecologies predominate and pastoralism is a major form of land-use. This study considers a resettlement design which integrates refu refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africagee agricultural land-use patterns with those of the host pastoralist land-use in the context of the frequent droughts which visit the area. Given therefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
magnitude of dislocation problems on the continent, successful resettlement will play an important role in African agriculture and development.2IntroRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africain enormous dislocations of subsistence oriented populations as conflict and resource degradation intensify each other (Figure 1).1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 The Horn of Africa together with the Sahel account for well over half of all refugees worldwide.12 Refugee camps and resettlement schemes can enta refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africail huge expenditures,13,14,15,16,17,18 and have profound impacts on the functioning of social and production systems where they are located. And interrefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
-state conflict caused by massive cross-border migrations of famine and war refugees has been a serious problem.19,20,21,22,23 However with often limiRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaolution.24,25As large numbers of refugees are resettled, conflicts and competition with local land-uses can increase dramatically as the demographic composition of whole areas is altered26,27 and refugees are encouraged to engage in crop cultivation.28,29,30,31,32,33 The impact on local tenure regim refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaes, and greater competition for fixed resources in these areas can disrupt production systems which may already be stressed, resulting in pronounced srefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
ocial and ecological impoverishment.34,35,36,37,38 At the same time the success or failure of resettlement schemes can have a direct impact on rural-uRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africad famine stricken regions.41,42,43 Due to their fragile arid and semi-arid ecologies and multiple theaters of conflict, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Sudan have in recent decades been chronically afflicted by drought, famine, and social unrest with millions becoming displaced, and hundreds of thousands refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa starving or migrating to refugee camps (Figure 2). 44, 45, 46, 47, 48;49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 At present theserefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
three countries contain more than half of3Africa's hungry.65 It is estimated that in the Sudan alone 4.4 million people have become displaced in 1991Refugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa2Migration and resettlement in this context brings migrant groups into contact with in-place societies and land-uses with which they are compelled to interact, each influencing the other reciprocally.73,74 site allocation for resettlement schemes can thus be extremely difficult, while local land-use refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa is often governed by customary tenure regimes, national governments frequently ignore this and claim all land for the state, to be allocated accordinrefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
g to mandate; further complicating successful resettlement. Disregard for customary tenure has caused numerous failures in resettlement efforts.75 DisRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africast and refugee populations come to regard each other as potential enemies competing for scarce resources.76,77,78 The resulting total social organization is then insufficiently cohesive to mitigate the effects of deforestation, overgrazing and overcultivation.79,80,81The long-term success of refugee refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa resettlement schemes will depend on the degree to which resettlement land-use patterns can become integrated with, or reconciled with, pre-existing lrefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
and-use ecologies, and operate within the context of the endemic problems known to frequent the region, while approaches to doing this may be ill-defiRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africation by Phillips et al82 describes very well the relevance of transferring, enhancing and learning from elements of in-place, or previous land-use systems. This paper examines a design which considers the implementation of smallholder cultivation practices common in refugee resettlement schemes, in refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaan area of traditional transhumant pastoralist land-use, in the context of the frequent droughts which visit the area. Resettlement schemes are frequerefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
ntly established in areas of low population density,83,84,85 and dry season pastoralist areas can be seen as optimal locations for such schemes due toRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africacation, this paper presents a study from Somalia in an approach which utilizes the in-place, existing, ecological, social and land-use constraints and opportunities of both production systems as they presently function in the area. The roles of tenure, value and4 vulnerability in the utilization of refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaagricultural residue fodder resources are quantitatively explored, and the application of these to resettlement efforts is examined.Refugee Resettlemerefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
nt in Pastoral AreasAn important aspect of population resettlement in Africa is the influence of the extraordinary profusion of African ethnic groups Refugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaing from the west African coast to the Horn where cultural heterogeneity predominates.86,87,88 Figure 1 shows that the countries within this zone have large refugee problems, and that they are located in the African Sahel where transhumant pastoralism is a dominant form of land-use. This is also a r refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaegion of traditional land-use conflict between agriculturalists and pastoralists.89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97 Thus displacement in this zone brings thesrefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
e two land-use patterns into conflict on a scale that is not replicated elsewhere. Resettlement efforts for this region need to tailor land-use designRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africach has outlined the importance of orienting development projects to the characteristics of specific agroecological zones, where the development priorities and technologies are designed to accommodate the environmental conditions98,99,100,101 as well as existing land uses.102,103,104 Areas occupied b refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africay transhumant pastoralists in the dry season can be attractive sites for resettlement schemes due to: the long absence of the land-users, the comparatrefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
ive fertility of these areas, and the marginal political nature of pastoralist groups. However occupation of these lands with settlement projects haveRefugee Resettlement on the Horn of Africa: The Integration of Host and Refugee Land-Use PatternsUnruh JD (1993) Refugee resettlement on the Horn of A refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africafor dry season forage and water supplies.105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114 unavailable or unaccessible forage in one part of the yearly travels of livestock herders can have disastrous effects on other larger areas, because pastoralists are then forced to use range resources that are already m refugee_resettlement_horn_of_africaarginal during the dry season.115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123 Rangeland degradation occurs as the carrying capacity of these areas is surpassed durefugee_resettlement_horn_of_africa
e to overgrazing caused by higher dry season livestock densities.124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135 Such degradation places nomadic pastoGọi ngay
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