Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake45 Jennifer R. Brum1’, Grieg F. Steward1, Sunny c. Jiang2, Robert Jellison371 Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 82Environmental Health, Science and Policy, University of California, Irvine, California 92696, 9USA103Ma Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakerine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA111213141516*jbrum@hawaii.edu21https://khothuvien.cori!1 Bruin eSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
t al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)1 ABSTRACT: Mono Lake Is a large, alkaline, moderately hypersaline lake containing planktonic 2prokaryot1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake physical and biological forcing and 4strong vertical gradients of chemical, physical, and biological parameters in this meromictic lake would 5result in dramatic temporal and spatial variability in concentrations of viruses and viral infections of 6prokaryotes. To test this, we Investigated the tem Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakeporal, vertical, and horizontal variability in hydrography, 7microbial concentrations, and viral infections of prokaryotes at four stations over a 10-Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
month period in 8Mono Lake. The infection parameters quantified included the frequency of visibly Infected cells (FVIC), 9burst size, intracellular vi1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake I1, 0.10-1.2 X 1011 rl and 0.14-1.9 X 10t: r1, respectively, with the highest concentrations of each 12occurring in the spring. For all data combined, concentrations of viruses were significantly correlated 13with concentrations of prokaryotes (r = 0.68, p < 0.001, n = 68). but not with chlorophyll Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake a. FVIC ranged 14from <0.1 to 3.5% for the community, but reached as high as 13% for coccoid cells in one sample. 15Averaged over the water column, tSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
he estimated fraction of prokaryote mortality due to viral lysis ranged 16from a low of 3.7% in September to a high of 16 % in July. Burst size, intra1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakeer as a result of larger viruses Infecting smaller cells. In contrast, these parameters did not1Ddiffer systematically among stations or between the anoxic and OXỈC layers of the lake. The data suggest 20that seasonal forcing is the primary source of variability in viral infections in the lake. Over Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakeall, viral lysis2lappears to make modest contribution to the mortality of prokaryotes, but high virus-host contact rates 22suggest that viruses are liSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
kely to influence the clonal diversity of picoplankton in the lake.22IBrum et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)1INTRODUCTION2Mono Lake is a1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake OÍ the Sierra range 4in California at an elevation of ca. 1950 m. rhe concentrations of viruses and prokaiyotes in Illis 5unusual lake are among lhe highest reported lor a nalural aquatic ecosystem (Jiang el al. 2004), 6but the impact of viruses on the lake’s prokaryotic plankton communin’ has not Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakebeen previously 7invesligated. Food web models (Fuhrman & Suttle 1993, Murray & F.ldridge 1994) and Bexperimental data (Middelhoe el al. 199G) suggestSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
that viral lysis, by converting cellular biomass 9to dissolved organic carbon, can stimulate microbial growth and respiration with a concomitantlOdec1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakeof contact between Vituses and host cells 12(Murray & Eldridge 1994, Wilcox & Fuhrman 1994), it has been hypothesized that the 13exceptionally high concentrations of viruses and prokaryotes in Mono Lake would be Accompanied by a high incidence of infection (Jiang et al. 2004). If true, then viruses Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakecould have 15a substantial effect on the flow of carbon in the lake.16 Estimates of viral infection rates have been made for a variety of aquatic enviSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
ronments 17including freshwater, seawater, and hypersaline ponds, but the mechanisms controlling the 18frcqucncy of viral infection arc not always dea1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Laked 20growth rates (Wcinbaucr Ct al. 1993, Guixa-Boixarcu Ct al. 1996. Steward Ct al. 1996, Bcnarcl Ct 2lai. 2004), these correlations are not always consistent among studies suggesting that multiple, 22intcracting factors regulate the frequency of infection and that these factors may vary among 23eco Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakesystems. Mono l ake has a complex combination of vertical and seasonal variability in23https://khothuvien.cori!IBrum et al. (submitted to Aquatic MicrSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
obial Ecology)1 physical, chemical, and biological parameters (hat make it an attractive system in which to 2investigate some of the factors that affe1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakeiods 5of persistent stratification (1983-1988 and 1995-2003) have resulted from high freshwater input 6and changes in water diversion policies (Jellison & Melack 1993b, Jellison et al. 1998). These 7periods of meromixis result in persistent anoxia and high concentrations of ammonia and sulfide 8in t Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakehe monimolimnion, as well as enhanced primary productivity due to the upward fluxes of 9nutrients (Jellison & Melack 1993a). Previous studies have shoSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
wn that concentrations and lOdiversity of viruses and prokaryotes differ between the oxic and anoxic layers of Mono Lake ll(Hollibaugh et al. 2001, Hu1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lakexic and anoxic 1 Slayers in other stratified lakes (Weinbauer ék Hõfle 1998a, Bettarel et al. 2004), suggest that the 14frequency of viral infections are likely to differ significantly between the surface and deep waters 15of Mono Lake.16 Mono Lake also displays strong seasonal variability including Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake an annual spring1/ phytoplankton bloom that is grazed by the brine shrimp Artemia monica in the mixolimnion from 18late spring through summer (Lenz eSpatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake
t al. 1986, Jellison & Melack 1988). Artemia are not 19generally found in the anoxic waters (Lenz et al. 1986) so the unicellular alga Picocystis sp. 1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3Prokaryotes Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline LakeDecline of Anemia at the end of summer is 22then followed by a fall bloom of phytoplankton (Melack & Jellison 1998). The lake also varies 23on longer time scales with the transitions from monomixis to meromixis. The breakdown of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of Prokaryotes in an Alkaline, Hypersaline Lake1 Bruin et al. (submitted to Aquatic Microbial Ecology)12Spatial and Temporal Variability of Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Viral Infections of3ProkaryotesGọi ngay
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