THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
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THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAn tries to protect his existence foremost before considerations are given to other needs. It means therefore, that he has to live in the first instance, before his essence. This is the primacy of the human existence which, for existentialist thinkers, is what should genuinely engage philosophers. To THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA live or to preserve his existence, man must keep his body nourished by food: and to provide for food means that he must work. This means that he mustTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
use his energy to convert what is given in nature to become useful to him.This work is therefore motivated by the fact that labour which should serveCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAs and conflicts the appropriation of the products of labour engenders in modern society. This is more so because even though the prodigality of nature has provided man with the basic materials to meet his existential needs, however, the provident of nature rarely exists in forms directly suitable to THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA meet man’s needs. It is, therefore, required of human labour to make nature suitable for his use. And in so doing, in modern terms, society is divideTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
d into antagonistic and self destructive classes of those who own only their labour power and those1who own the means of production and so appropriateCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAhment of his bodily needs, to sustain his e,xistence. For this reason, Claude Ake asserts that economic productivity is the primary activity of man.3 If man must live, according to him, then he must work to provide food for himself.Ake avers that it is the importance of this that is amply reflected THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAin the consciousness of men that they give themselves appellations according to the type of work they engage in: for instance, a teacher is one who enTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
gages in teaching to earn a wage to provide for food; a doctor, for a medical practitioner; an engineer; a trader etc. For him, although it is true thCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA by his daily economic needs, he asserts, means that the needs are being met, but that does not, for him, take away the urgency of this need.It is through human ingenuity from his labour that discoveries are made to provide for his other needs such as shelter, clothing, and so forth, to protect man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAfrom the unfriendly conditions of his immediate environment. It is so important and central to man that his life goes beyond just mere subsistence:ManTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
creates and recreates his entire life. By work, he builds Dams, irrigates deserts and fashions tools, which give him new capacities and new opportuniCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAn. Most importantly, he also creates his consciousness....4Man has also used his labour power to structure his society and establish culture and patterns.In the history of human society, labour has played the most vital determinant role in social relations. Adam Smith supports this view when he writ THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAes in his Wealth of Nations that society tends to benefit more when labour is social; when there is a division in the productive process where one perTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
forms functions he is best skilled. He states: “the greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, the greater part of skill, dexterity, andCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAoduction that modern societies are formed, and human relationships are fostered; hence labour shape the character of all human societies. Society is often limes polarized according to dynamics arising from the relative importance placed on some aspects of labour over others in the production process THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA. Ake notes in the production process, some appropriate the labour of others and benefit from the proceeds which cause the major division between thosTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
e who own the labour power and those who appropriate the labour power of others. He adds that:3Everyman is rich or poor according to the degree in whiCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAe, it is but a very small part of these with which a man’s labour can supply him, the far greater part of them he must derive from the labour of other people, and he must be rich or poor according to the quantity of that labour which he can command, or which he can afford to purchase.6Societies are THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAthus made up of people classed into relations in view of those who sell their labour power for self sustenance and those who use the labour of othersTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
for production. This has become a major source of division and conflict in modern societies. The study of the economic structure of society for Ake wiCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA, how the society produces goods to meet its material needs, how the goods are distributed, and what types of social relations arise from the organization, we have come a long way to understanding the culture of that society, its laws, its religious system, its political system and even its mode of THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAthought.'Ake therefore outlines that the primary cause of the problems in Africa are products of labour relations owing largely to the introduction ofTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
capital relations from the West.1.2 Statement of the Problem4This study is motivated by the incessant conflicts in the Niger Delta Area experienced bCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAese conflicts are engendered by a lack of the basic necessities of life relating to a poor state of social and economic development, in the midst of an abundant resource base in almost all parts of Africa. Conflicts are therefore, products of frustrations resulting from this lack and want of the bas THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAic needs of man in Africa. The researcher sees Claude Ake’s conception of labour and the class divisions it brings upon society, which in turn createsTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
constant antagonism and conflicts, relevant to the African experience, hence the choice of this topic as a basis for an understanding of the causes oCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAfor the sustenance of his being. He notes that it is through human labour that discoveries are made to provide for his other needs such as shelter, clothing, tools, and so forth, to protect him from the unfriendly conditions of his immediate environment. Apart from being a means towards the provisio THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAn of food for the sustenance of his being and the discovery of tools to meet his other immediate needs, labour is also used for the creation and recreTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
ation of his economic and other material conditions, he adds. However, Ake notes that contemporary experience reveals that as societies develop and owCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAhe other factors in the productive process, including the labour of others and those who do not. This leads to antagonism between these social groups. While the class of those who benefit from this arrangement attempt to maintain the status quo, the other class struggles to change the existing syste THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAm. For him therefore, there is an intrinsic link between labour and social relations. Societies are therefore plagued with conflicts and strife betweeTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
n these two antagonistic classes. Ake therefore studies the prevalent social conflicts in Africa and links these to the social relations of productionCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe basic natural impulse of man is the preservation of his existence. What this implies is that man THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAabour engender social divisions? How do these divisions create conflicts in Africa, in Claude Ake’s conception? How does Ake address the problems of ethnicity, wars, poverty, bad governance, poor infrastructural development, corruption and so on, in Africa and what lesson can Africa learn? The probl THE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAems which this study sets to solve are,1Ake blames colonialism for some of the social problems in Africa; to what extent is this assertion true?2If AfTHE CONCEPT OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN CLAUDE AKE’S PHILOSOPHY- IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICA
rica’s problems are products of colonialism, what of other nations which were colonized yet they are advancing?3For Ake, Africa’s problems are causedGọi ngay
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