Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
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Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guidea Nancy J. Turner and Katherine L. TurnerSchool of Environmental Studies, P.O. Box 1700, Universit)' of Victorio Victoria. British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2[Phone: (250) 721-6124; FAX: (250) 721-8985; Email: ntumer@uvic.calAbstract:Knowledge and practices of Indigenous Peoples relating to local plant Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guides used for food, medicine, materials and other purposes are threatened in many parts of the world. The reasons for declining knowledge and use of tradYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
itional resources are complex and multi-faceted. We review a series of case examples of culturally valued food plants in British Columbia and identify“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideer the past 150 years. Reasons for this loss include compounding influences of changing knowledge systems due to religious conversion and residential schools, loss of indigenous languages, loss of time and opportunity for traditional practices due to participation in the wage economy, increasing urb Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideanization of indigenous populations, loss of access to traditional resources, restriction of management practices for sustaining these resources, andYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
most recently, forces of globalization and industrialization. Efforts to renew and restore traditional practices and relationships with plants and env“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideviduals and communities, to reverse some of the negative influences on cultural retention, and to develop new, relevant and effective ways to revitalize languages, cultures and ethnobotanical knowledge within contemporary contexts.Key words: Indigenous Peoples, ethnobotany, British Columbia, traditi Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideonal food, food securityIntroductionAnd this Whiteman he immediately put a fence around the place [in Kingcome River estuary] enclosing the place wherYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
e our women used to get the food... (Chief Cesaholis, address to Royal Commission on Indian Affairs for the Province of B.C., June 4, 1914).Dietary ch“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guided old foods may be replaced or diminish in importance. However, when change in diet is profound, when it happens precipitously over the span of only a few decades, and when coercive sociopolitical, environmental and economic pressures are at play during this period of transformation, there can be se Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guiderious repercussions for peoples’ health and well-being (Parrish et al. in press). This has happened to the Indigenous Peoples of British Columbia - anYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
d all across Canada - and as a result both their food sovereignty1 and food security21 Food sovereignty is defined as the ability to make substantive “Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-GuideFood security', as defined at the World Food Sununit (1996). exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to safe and nuữitious food, which meets dietary needs and food preferences, in sufficient quantity' to sustain an active and healthy lifestyle.have been undermined. Al Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideong with the loss ol the food itself, perhaps even more serious is the loss of the cultural knowledge relating to the production, harvesting, processiYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
ng and use of the food the knowledge that has sustained generations of people in their home territories for thousands of years (Dour and rumor 2005).1“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guident foods - greens, inner bark, fruits, root vegetables, and beverages - were among the most affected. Of the approximately 100 species of plant foods that were harvested traditionally by indigenous peoples of coastal British Columbia, the majority are no longer used, and many are not even known to t Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guidehe younger generations. Why did indigenous people stop eating their traditional plant foods? The story of the loss of the root gardens at Kingcome InlYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
et, as alluded to in the introductory quote, provides some insights.In June 1914, Hereditary Chief Cesaholis of the Tsawataineuk tribe of Kwakwaka’wak“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide of British Columbia (the McKcnna-McBride Royal Commission). Illis Commission had been established in 1912 by Canadian Prime Minister Borden with Premier Richard McBride of British Columbia and James McKenna, an official of Indian Affairs, to investigate and attempt to resolve ongoing concerns of Ab Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideoriginal people regarding lheir lands and resources and make recommendations about die extent, location and number of Indian Resolves. Throughout theYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
province of British Columbia, indigenous people were interviewed regarding their3https://khothuvien.cori!concerns around land use and, inevitably, the“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide, describing how the traditional food gathering areas of the Tsawataineuk had been appropriated by white settlers:..Al the mouth of our river on both sides ...a man by the name of McKay came to build his house on that place.... This McKay took for himself the land where our forefathers always got th Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideeir food.... where the women used to take the roots out of the ground.... They put down Slakes [to) mark the boundary lines for each one, and to our sYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
urprise this Whiteman came and just took the place and.. .our women were surprised to be ordered away from that place and they donÌ know why they were“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideiver, continued to try to access their traditional root gardens, where they cultivated and harvested a number of root vegetables, including springbank clover (Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm.), Pacific si I verweed IPotentilla pacifica Howell, northern riceroot [Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker Gaw]. Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide] and Nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims) (Turner 1995; Turner and Peacock 2005). McKay summarily confiscated the women’s root-digging sYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
ticks and baskets, then enclosed the property:... [The women] persisted to go to that place to get the food. Each woman had a wooden spade and a baske“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide whiteman he immediately put a fence around the place enclosing the place where our women used to get the food, and for the first tune then we come to know the troubles that we are in now in our own land, and when the food of my people grew on that place... (Cesahoỉis ỈQ14).The new settlers imported Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide livestock, and these took their toll on the root-digging grounds. ...and then the animals of the Whiteman, such as the pigs and cattle would come andYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
eat it off; and then my forefathers and the women got tired and gave it up when they saw their food was destroyed by the cattle... (Cesaholis 1914).O“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideig for roots was the growth of trees that is where the crab apples grow - Whiteman came and cut all that down, and the women gave that up also: that is they got tired; it was useless of going there any more to gather the fruits that grew on these trees. These two foods that I have described are now Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guidedestroyed entirely by the whitemen and these foods were valued very much; it was worth so much among all our Indians that it used to be preserved in bYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
oxes to keep all through the winter (Cesaholis 1914).More and more, the white settlers encroached on the Tsawataineuk lands, cutting down their trees,“Where our women used to get the food”: Cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide Richards., a small smelt, rendered into a nutritious fat, known as “grease”), and trampling their European-style vegetable gardens behind their houses: “[We] asked them to keep their cattle at home, but they never pay any attention to whatever we say to them” (Cesaholis 1914).This story is not uniq Youth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guideue; all over the province and beyond, indigenous peoples were experiencing similar alienation of their lands and food resources. There were other factYouth-and-Schools-Preparedness-Guide
ors at play as well, however, and here we focus on the cumulative effect of multiple factors influencing the loss of traditional food systems. To bettGọi ngay
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