Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
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Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2actors and mechanical stimuli•Convergence of stimuliin this chapter, we discuss the strategies employed by researchers striving to repair or regenerate articular cartilage through biological means. While methods to repair cartilage using surgery exist (e.g., debridement, microfracture, and mosaicpla Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2sty), tissue engineering holds the promise of complete regeneration. Furthermore, engineered constructscan be designed that are mechanically functionaEbook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
l from day 1. potentially decreasing recovery time for the patient.Focus has been placed on the three main pillars of tissue engineering: cell source,Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2ssed include primary chondrocytes as well as257Articular CartilageScaffoldsCeltsPorous meshes Hydrogels Weaved fibers CompositesScaffoldsprovide substrate for cell growth and mechanical integrity for postsurglcal implantationAutologous chondrocytesMesenchymal stem cells (marrow derived or adipose de Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2rived)Cartilage tissue engineeringScaffolds coated with bioactive molecules act as drug delivery systems for improved repair in vrvoBioactve moleculesEbook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
induce differentiation, proliferation, and metabolic activity of cellsBioactive moleculesIGFTGF-0BMPPRP-dertved cytokinesFigure 4.1 Traditional paradTissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2(11): 599-607, 2009. With permission )stem and progenitor cells. Natural, synthetic, and hybrid biomaterials have all been used for cartilage engineering, with the latest approaches building upon previous f ndings to create new and innovative scaffolds suitable for long-term repair. Growth factors a Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2nd other bioactive molecules are critical components to rapid, complete regeneration of tissues in the body, and those with proven roles in cartilageEbook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
repair are reviewed here. Finally, a comprehensive discussion of bioreactors and mechanical stimulation is included. Incorporating suffcient mechanicaTissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2cartilage's physiological environment are described, along with reported experimental fndings using each approach. In all subsections, discussions of speci fc studies that have taken place in the past couple of258Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilagedecades are used to illustrate the current sta Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2te of cartilage engineering, as well as future directions in this highly active feld of research.For decades, hyaline articular cartilage has been a pEbook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
rimary target for tissue engineering efforts due to the lack of functional regeneration intrinsically within the joint. In addition to focal defects, Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2s both the seminal tissue engineering studies focused on articular cartilage and the latest approaches that incorporate bioreactors, bioactive molecules, and specialized biomaterials.Tissue engineering, in its classical sense, involves the manipulation of a complex interplay among biomaterials, grow Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2th factors, and cell populations (Mikos et al. 2006) to achieve functional improvement or restoration. Articular cartilage has been a high priority foEbook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
r tissue engineers since it does not naturally regenerate after injury. Furthermore, the annual health care costs associated with musculoskeletal diseTissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2improve the quality of life for millions (U.S. Bone and Joint Initiative 2014). The average age for patients undergoing arthroscopy who exhibit cartilage defects in the knee is 43. and. combined with the demographical data on adolescent cartilage injuries, as discussed in Chapter 3. the need to crea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2te a repair tissue that can last several decades is a major goal (Curl et al. 1997).The earliest attempts at cartilage regeneration involved transplanEbook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2
ting cither minced cartilage tissue or dissociated chondrocytes (Chcstcrman and Smith 1968). Surgical solutions to cartilage defects typically includeTissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•Biorea Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2s fbrocartilagc, which, as discussed elsewhere in this book, has biomechanical properties that are markedly different from those of normal cartilage (Curl Ct al. 1997). Fibrocartilagc does not have the Ebook Articular cartilage (2/E): Part 2Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage•Need for in vitro tissue engineering•Cell source•Biomaterials and scaffold design•Bioactive molecules•BioreaGọi ngay
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