Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
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Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
Chapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2n impairments found in autism. This theory suggests that autistic people lack a theory of mind, and arc not able to attribute independent mental states (such as false beliefs) to themselves and others. As Chapter 5 showed, this theory has been quite successful in explaining the pattern of impaired a Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2nd preserved functioning in many people with autism. Chapter 6 reviewed some other psychological theories of autism, and looked at some of the major cEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
riticisms of the theory of mind approach. In particular, the issue of primacy was discussed at some length. Here, we look again at the question of uniChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2e people with autism are found to pass. How can we explain this test success? The first question is whether those autistic subjects who pass theory of mind tests arc actually capable of representing mental states—does mentalizing underlie their test success? If not. then an inability to mentalize ma Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2y still be universal to autism. If. on the other hand, we believe that some autistic people can represent mental states, we are faced with the puzzleEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
of their continued social and communicative handicaps. To explain these we might hypothesize cither a damaging delay in acquisition, or a persisting aChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2ome empirical evidence from very recent studies is discussed. The nature of social abil ily in the most able individuals with autism has been the focus of my ow n research to dale, and so much of the work discussed here is mine, and some of the theoretical analyses reflect my own personal perspectiv Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2e.The strategy hypothesisOne way of explaining the success of a minority of autistic people on false belief tasks is to suggest that they pass these tEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
ests using a non-theory of mind strategy. Some autistic people may have managed to “hack out” a solution to theory ofEXPLAINING THEORY OF MIND TEST SUChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2ng success only on very artificial, simplified "mind-reading" tests, such as arc typically given in theory of mind experiments. In real life these strategics may not be very useful, leaving the person socially handicapped in spite of their good test performance.To date there has been no exploration Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2of the non-mentalizing strategies which might underlie false belief task success. One possible strategy might be to associate pcrson-objccl-placc; forEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
example, in the Sally-Ann task. Sally-marblc-baskcl. This strategy would allow the child to pass the Sally-Ann task without representing mental stateChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2ne way to assess non-theory of mind strategies, then, might be to look al real-life behaviour which seems to require insight into other minds. Another might be to look for inconsistencies across batteries of different false belief tasks. A third approach might be to look at the relationship between Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2test success and general intellectual ability or age—presumably developing a strategy requires some amount of reasoning ability and experience. By conEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
trast, in normal development a mental age of 5 years is sufficient to pass standard theory of mind tests, and to demonstrate this ability across a ranChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2d problem-solving abilities (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985).Real mentalizing: the delay hypothesisIl may be that autistic people are merely grossly delayed in their acquisition of a theory of mind, and that it is therefore no surprise that a few autistic people should manage to pass these tests eventually Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2. Baron-Cohen (1989b) found that while some autistic subjects passed the Sally-Ann task, none of these subjects passed a harder, "second-order" theoryEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
of mind task: the ice-cream van task (adapted from Pcrncr & Wimmer 1985). In this task, the subject is shown a village scene with a park, church and Chapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2he events:This is Mary and this is John. Today they arc in the park. Along comes the ice cream van. John wants to buy an ice cream, but he has left his money al home. I le' 11 have to go home first and get his money before he can buy an ice cream. The ice cream man tells John, "It's alright John. I’ Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2ll be here in the park all day. So you can go and get your money and come back and buy your ice cream. I'll still be here." So John runs off home to gEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
el his money.But. when John has gone, the ice cream man changes his mind, lie decides he won't stay in the park all afternoon, instead he'll go and seChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2hension check 1: Did John hear (he ice cream man (ell Mary that?So in the afternoon. Mary goes home and the ice cream man sets off for the church. But on his way he meets John. So he tells John. “I changed my mind. I won’t be in the park. I’m going to sell ice cream outside the church this afternoon Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2”. The ice cream man then drives to the church.Comprehension check 2: Did Mary hear the ice cream man tell John that?In the afternoon. Mary goes overEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
to John's house and knocks on the door. John's mother answers the door and says. “Oh. I'm sorry Mary. John’s gone out. He's gone to buy an ice cream”.Chapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2John really go to buy his ice cream?Memory question: Where was the ice cream van in the beginning?This task tests the child's ability to represent one character’s (false) belief about what another character thinks about the world: Mary thinks John doesn't know that the ice cream van is at the church Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2. It is therefore referred to as a “second-order” task, since it requires one more level of embedding than do “first-order” false belief tasks such asEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
the Sally-Ann test, where the child need only represent Sally's (false) belief about the world. Normal children pass second-order false belief (asks Chapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2ind task, and suggested that even those subjects who pass the Sally-Ann task show significantly delayed understanding of minds (all his subjects were well over 7 years old. with an expressive verbal mental age (VMA) of 7 to 17 years). However, other studies have found that more able subjects with au Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2tism —(hose sometimes described as having Asperger's syndrome—arc able to pass even second-order theory of mind tasks. As Chapter 6 described, both BoEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
wler (1992) and Ozonoff et al. (1991 b) have demonstrated good performance on these tasks, and have suggested that this crucially undermines the claimChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 27-year-old level does not. however, rule out two remaining interpretations of a delay hypothesis, l irst. it is possible that even subjects who pass second-order theory of mind tasks may fail still more advanced tests of mentalizing. Secondly, even subjects who at the age of testing (usually in thei Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2r teens or later) consistently pass theory of mind tasks may not have acquired this competence al the normal age. That is, a significant delay in deveEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
loping the ability to form metarepresentations (to represent mental states) may be universal to autism, evenEXPLAINING THEORY OF MIND TEST SUCCESS 61iChapter 7The talented minorityChapter 5 described a recent and influential cognitive explanation of the triad of social, communication and imagination Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2m with other areas of development, and, at the very least, robbing the individual of years of formative social experience. The only way to disprove this developmental delay hypothesis for autism, then, is to find a clearly autistic child who passes all available tests of theory of mind at the normal Ebook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2 age (or mental age). No such child has yet been found.Looking for evidence: assessing ‘‘true” theory of mindThree strands of evidence, then, may giveEbook Autism - An introduction to psychological theory: Part 2
clues to the real nature of autistic theory of mind task success: the relation between task success and other subject characteristics, the relation bGọi ngay
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