Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
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Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
PartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2 dried leaves of cannabis plants and flowering portions of the female cannabis. Cannabis contains the psychoactive drug tetrahydrocannabinol which acts on the central nervous system producing both physical and psychological effects. The fn/m-A’-isoiner is the main active form of tetrahydrocannabinol Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2 (THC) (Fig. 12.1)- The delta-nine symbol (A") indicates the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond (A) located between carbons 9 and 10 (exponent isEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
the first carbon in the double bond). This terminology is used quite often in organic chemistry and biochemistry where it is frequently encountered iPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2using the acronym THC. It can be extracted from the herbal form of cannabis using a variety of techniques. Hie chosen method of extraction determines the overall concentration of THC in the final product as well as its physical appearance. Marijuana is described above and typically contains 7-25% TH Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2C Hemp is a form grown for industrial (nondrug) purposes and the concentration of THC (less than 1%) is typically too low to produce euphoric effects.Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
Hashish (hash) is a THC resin extracted from the female Howers and is somewhat more concentrated than marijuana. Hash oil is a more concentrated formPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2comparable to (hat of hash; in fact, a type of hash is produced from highly compressed kief. Resin is a thick tar by-product of smoking cannabis and contains trace amounts of THC. Smoking resin vapors can cause irritation to the throat and lungs.Historically. THC has been the most frequently analyze Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2d controlled substance in forensic laboratories where it can exceed 50% of the caseload. Programs implemented by law-enforcement agencies allow traineEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
d personnel to conduct preliminary tests to identify cannabis. This practice has dramatically reduced the workload in forensic laboratories.The visualPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2n question, not a specific drug. The forensic chemist is educated and trained in areas of chemistry, not biology or botany. This fact must be recognized when performing and documenting visual inspections. Most jurisdictions, however, recognize the informed opinion of an analyst trained in the identi Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2fication of specific plants, despite a lack of formal education in this area.The preliminary examination of plants or plant material requires techniquEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
es that are inherently subjective and most cannot be documented in a manner that can be objectively reviewed. Therefore, the peer-review process reliePartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2 results of visual examination should be recorded in great detail and include as much information as possible.12.2HistoryMarijuana has a long-standing, documented history of use as a euphoric drug. It is referenced in Chinese medical compendiums (abstracts) dating back to 2700 BC. Its use spread fro Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2m China to India and on to North Africa and Europe as early as 500 AD. A major crop in colonial North America, marijuana (hemp) was grown as a sourceEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
of fiber. It was extensively cultivated in the United States during World War II when Asian sources of hemp were cut off.J.l. Khan et al.. Riisic PrinPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2rww-A’-tctrahydrocannabino). This active isomer lit THC produces a variety ill physical and ptiyehological ellẻcls. It is classified as a Schedule I liallucinugeti ill lire Controlled Substance Act.Table 12.1 Regional names of marijuanaCountryCommonly known axIndiaBhang. GanjaAlgeria. MoroccoKirTuni Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2sTakrouriTurkeyKabakSyria/LcbanonHashish El KeifAfrica (Central)Djamba. Liamba. RiantbaAfrica 1 South)DaggaAmerica (South)MarihuanaMozambiqueSunnnaMadEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
agascarRongonyBrazilMaconhaI limed SlatesMary Jane. Gross, Pot. WeedMarijuana was listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia (ƯSP) from 1850 to I942 whPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2 1850s Io the 1930s. A rigorous campaign conducted in the 19.30s by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics (now the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs) portrayed marijuana as a powerful, addictive substance that would eventually lead Io narcotics addiction. To dale, this opinion is still held by Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2some who consider marijuana a “gateway- drug. In the 1950s. it symbolized the “beat generation." and. in the 1960s. it became a dubious (no pun intendEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
ed!) symbol of rebellion against authority and was closely associated with college students and "hippies.”lire Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2Mexico, but. in 1975. the Mexican government agreed to eradicate the crop by spraying it with paraquat (herbicide), fears concerning the toxic side effects of the herbicide served as a deterrent to potential users. As a result. Colombia became the primary source of marijuana. The “zero tolerance" po Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2licy of U.S. President's Reagan and Bush (1981 1993) produced strict laws and mandatory' sentences for pos session of marijuana. I his had a direct imEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
pact on smuggling al the southern borders. I he “war on drugs” prompted a shift in U.S. reliance on imported drugs Io one on domestic cultivation. In PartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2d. Cross pollination created new and innovative breeding techniques (hat altered genetic structure and produced small plants with elevated levels of Tl IC. These plants were easily cultivated and concealed. After more than a decade of decline, marijuana use in the mid-1990s began Io increase, especi Ebook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2ally among teenagers. The new millennium brought a slight decrease in use and current levels appear Io be stabile.A rose by any other name is still aEbook Basic principles of forensic chemistry: Part 2
rose. Table 12.1 lists common regional names of marijuana. The physical form may change, the region of the world may change, and the method of cultivaPartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe the PartinExamination of Drugs/NarcoticsCannabis12.1IntroductionMarijuana is not a scientific classification: it is a term typically used to describe theGọi ngay
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