Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
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Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2 an essay entitled Psycho-Analysis and the History of Art (1953), the art historian Ernst Gombrich commits the somewhat sacrilegious act of likening the aesthetic experience to the one type of enjoyment from which modern aesthetics (ever since Kant) had vehemently tried to separate it, namely to the Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2 sensuous and visceral pleasures provided by food and eating:Botticelli’s Venus, or a self-portrait by Rembrandt, clearly have other dimensions of meaEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
ning and embody different values - but when we speak of the problem of correct balance between too much and too little we do well to remember cookery.5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2es, that is, that have an immediate biological appeal - also produce these counter-reactions which originally serve as a warning signal to the human animal not to over-indulge [...] I mean that we also develop it as a defence mechanism against attempts to seduce US. We find repellent what offers too Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2 obvious, too childish, gratification. It invites regression and we do not feel secure enough to yield [...] The child is proverbially fond of sweetsEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
and toffees, and so is the primitive, with his Turkish delight and an amount of fat that turns a European stomach. We prefer something less obvious, l5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2ied highbrows will find it cloying and seek escape in the more bitter tang or in an admixture of coffee or. preferably, of crunchy nuts.(Gombrich, 1985 [1953]: 39)Whatever one is to make of his speculations on the existence of innate ‘warningsignals' or psychological ‘defence-mechanisms’ (let alone Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2his rather indiscriminate use of the first-person-plural), Gombrich’s argument is compelling for twoThe hungry body 127 reasons. First, because it draEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
ws attention to what one could call the ‘physiognomic’ properties of food, namely to the manner in which its apparently most objective characteristics5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2l meaning (highbrow, childish, unsophisticated, etc.). Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, because it shows that “good taste”, whether it applies to works of art or the domain of cooking, is always defined negatively, that is, as rooted in a negation ofcheap thrills and facile pleasures and henc Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2e of everything that provides ‘too obvious, too childish, gratification’.In fact, by drawing analogies between “taste” as the capacity to discern in aEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
esthetic matters and taste as the elementary' proclivity for particular qualities and quantities of food. Gombrich’s argument in a sense anticipates B5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2the aesthetic outlook is not just limited to the domain of legitimate culture, but is at the basis of a more general ‘stylization of life’, which encompasses the entire range of practices, properties and beliefs that constitute the dominant lifestyle, including those pertaining to food and drink. Li Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2ke Gombrich, he argues that the central features of this lifestyle can only be understood relationally, as inherently defined against the vulgar tasteEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
s of those who reduce everything to its immediate function, who are only interested in substance and the substantial and know no other enjoyment than 5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2tivation of “taste” is inseparably tied to the cultivation of distaste, which is first and foremost a distaste for everything that is “vulgar” and “common”:Disgust is the ambivalent experience of the horrible seduction of the disgusting and of enjoyment, which performs a sort of reduction to animali Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2ty, corporeality, the belly and sex. that is, to what is common and therefore vulgar, removing any difference between those who resist with all theirEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
might and those who wallow in pleasure, who enjoy enjoyment [...] Nature understood as sense equalizes, but at the lowest level.(Bourdieu, 1984: 489)T5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2festation of our universal subjection to vegetative, organic being. In many ways, eating and drinking constitute the transgressive acts par excellence. Not only do they efface the boundaries between subject and object, interior and exterior, but they also blur social boundaries and threaten to remov Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2e the distance that otherwise (and everywhere) separates dominant and dominated. Consequently, as this chapter will aim to show, there is nothing thatEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
tends to polarize the different classes and class-fractions more than their relationship towards food as manifested both in their “choices” for parti5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2inst the ‘taste of the tongue, the palate and the throat' (Kant, 2000 [1781]: 97) which can only be the basis of a ‘pathologically conditioned satisfaction’ (ibid.: 94) and is hence opposed to the free, disinterested disposition that defines the aesthetic outlook, tends to detract from the fact that Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2 eating constitutes a quite complex sensori-motor experience, whose different aspects are themselves unequally amenable to stylization or aestheticizaEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
tion. In fact, if one abstracts from the strictly convivial pleasures of “dining together”, the act of eating can be said to provide three distinct fo5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2they presuppose. First of all. there is the pleasure linked to the most distant, disembodied and hence most “spiritual” of the senses, namely that of hearing, but above all of sight. This is the type of pleasure that is directly associated with the appearance of food, its formal properties and its o Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2verall presentation, all of which are known to have a direct impact on appetite and digestion (see Buytendijk, 1974: 133ff.). Given its distanced andEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
highly differentiated character, it is also the type of enjoyment that provides the most room for stylistic judgment, coming closest to the pure, disi5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2of smell, taste and touch which tends to be considered as inferior in that it already presupposes proximity, contact and above all incorporation and hence abolishes the distance between subject and object that forms the basis for the disinterested aesthetic judgment. Nevertheless, it still allows fo Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2r the demonstration of one of the central traits of the aesthetic disposition, namely the capacity to discern and judge subtle differences, to detectEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
nuances and trace “distinctions” (of which the ability to discriminate and judge between different types of wine provides the most elaborate example).5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2f the sense of taste itself - which is remarkably undifferentiated. recognizing only the broad categories of sweet, sour, bitter and salty - but is instead the product of its particular social conditioning.This conditioning not only determines the degree of differentiation of the system of culinary Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2categories (its “refinement” and “breadth”), but also, as Gom-brich points out, invests the most elementary flavours with a moral meaning. such as theEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
opposition between everything that is sweet and hence facile, seductive, providing the basis for ‘too obvious, too childish gratification’ and that w5 The hungry bodyIt is a falsification of significant features of human existence to say that people are omnivores.(Levins and Lewontin. 1985: 260)In Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2ment also includes all the tactile, kinaesthetic pleasures provided by different types of food such as the “crunch” of raw vegetables, the “succulence” of steak or the “cloying feeling” of caramel. Like flavours, such tactile sensations also help express the logic of social oppositions such as the “ Ebook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2firmness” of red meat with its masculine connotations or the “softness” of fish with its feminine undertones.The hungry body 129Furthermore, since itEbook Distinctions in the flesh - social class and the embodiment of inequality: Part 2
is a type of pleasure that is still primarily related to the formal rather than the substantial properties of food - its density, texture and structurGọi ngay
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