Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
SECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2AL PHYSIOLOGYCOMMENSAL ORGANISMS OF THE NORMALBODY FLORABACTERIAL GENETICSMethods of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms Gene Expression and RegulationBACTEREMIA, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME, AND SEPSISBACTERIAL TOXINS: VIRULENCE FACTORS THAT TRIGGER PATHOLOGYCLINICAL DIAGNOSISMAJOR ANTIM Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2ICROBIAL AGENTS AGAINST BACTERIAAt least 800 different species of bacteria inhabit the human host, representing a total population approaching IO1-’ oEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
rganisms. Put into perspective, the number of bacteria is far greater Ilian the number of cells in our bodies. Many organisms colonize various body tiSECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2biotic relationships can produce disease and pathogenic response.:•• BACTERIAL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND CLASSIFICATIONHistorically, organisms were classified according to physical parameters, such as microscopic morphology (size and shape), staining characteristics, and ability to multiply on variou Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2s energy sources (Fig. 11-1). Identification of specific biomarkers (biotyping) allowed classification for epidemiologic purposes, identifying organisEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
ms according to metabolic activity due to presence or absence of enzymes or ability to grow on specific substrates. The advent of antibiotics allowed SECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2les unique to groups of bacterial organisms.Recent development of molecular biologic tools has led to genotypic classification with greater precision than that ofpast methodologies. Genetic characterization of organisms is based directly on nucleic acid sequence and DNA homology, on nucleotide conte Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2nt (ratios of guanine plus cytosine), on analysis of plasmid content, or on ribotyping (RNA complement of a cell).•• GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTICEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
ORGANISMSProkaryotic organisms have distinct characteristics from eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane; instead, their haploiSECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2eticulum: rather, transcription and translation are coupled events. Bacterial 70 s ribosomes, consisting of 30 s and 50 s subunits, arc significantly different from eukaryotic 80 s ribosomes, thus allowing potential targets for antimicrobials.The cell envelope surrounding a bacterium includes a cell Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2 membrane and a peptidoglycan layer. T wo major classes of bacteria are distinguishable by staining patterns following exposure to primary stain, gramEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
iodine, and alcohol decolorization. Gram-positive organisms maintain a purple color from the primary stain incorporated into the thick peptidoglycan SECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2glycan layer is a complex polymer composed of alternating A'-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmiiramic acid with attached tetrapeptide side chains. The bonds linking the iV-acetylglucosamine and N-acelylmuramic acid are especially sensitive to cleavage by lysozyme, commonly found in saliva, tears, and Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2mucosal secretions (useful hasic host defense mechanisms). Grampositive cell membranes are further characterized by the presence of reichoic and teichEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
uronic acids (water-soluble polymers) chemically bonded to the peptidoglycan layer. Gram-negative bacteria are further characterized by the presence oSECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2ns that assist in energy conversion (such as cytochromes and enzymes involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation). The cytoplasmic membrane also contains enzymes critical for cell wall biosynthesis, phospholipid synthesis and DNA replication, and proteins that assist in transport of Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2 needed molecules.94 Basic BacteriologyFigure 11-1. The diverse morphology of bactena is related to physical characteristics of the outer cell membranEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
e. Some of the diverse bacterial forms are cocci (A). diplococcic (8). bacilli (C), coccobaciili (0). and spirochetes (£).Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is SECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2dotoxin. Lipid A contains fatty acids that are inserted intothe bacterial outer membrane. The remaining extracellular portion of LI’S is free to interact with host immune cells during infection, acting as a powerful immunostimulant via binding to the CD14 receptor on macrophages and endothelial cell Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2s and interactions via the TLR2 and TLR4 on cell surfaces, resulting in secretion of interleukins, chemokines, and inflammatory cytokines. Lipid coreEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
polysaccharides contain ketodeoxyocto-natc as well as other sugars (e.g., ketodcoxyoctulonate and heptulose) and two glucosamine sugar derivatives. LiSECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2 layer, external to the cell wall, containing antigenic proteins. The capsule protects bacteria from phagocytosis by monocytes and can also play a role in adherence to host tissue. The glycocalyx is a loose network of polysaccharide fibers with adhesive properties containing embedded antigenic prote Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2ins. Alternatively, the outer wall may be composed of mycolic acids and other glycolipids,Gram PositiveGram NegativeFigure 11 -2. The gram-positive baEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
cteria have a characteristic thick peptidoglycan layer surrounding an inner cytoplasmic membrane. The gram-negative bacteria have reduced peptidoglycaSECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2tive bacteria may also support an outer gtycocalyx Of capsule (not depicted). Upon treatment with gram iodine, gram-positive bacteria resist alcohol treatment and retain stain, whereas gram-negative organisms can be differentiated by loss of the primary stain and later addition of a safranin counter Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2stain.Commensal organisms of tfwhich provide extra protection during the process of host infection. Organisms can bo further characterized by the presEbook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2
ence of appendages, such as flagella, which assist in locomotion, or pili (fimbriae), which allow adhesion to host tissue; sex pili arc involved in atSECTION IIMicrobiologyBasic Bacteriology11CONTENTSBACTERIAL STRUCTURE. FUNCTION. AND CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMSBACTERIA Ebook Elsevier''s integrated review immunology and microbiology (2nd edition): Part 2ructure, metabolic activity, and environmental factors needed for survival.■Gram-posGọi ngay
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