Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
Chapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2Malalignment ventricular septal defect•Tetralogy of Fallot•Pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect•Common arterial trunk•Absent pulmonary valve syndrome•Aortic atresia with a sub-pulmonary VSDVentricular septal defect with great artery overrideIn this group of lesions the findings are of Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2a ventricular septal defect with great artery override in the absence of transposed great arteries. It is important to search for the second great artEbook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
ery in order to make a correct diagnosis.Malalignment ventricular septal defectIn these cases, there is a ventricular septal defect with aortic overriChapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2rmal size and there is no evidence of pulmonary obstruction. Ventricular septal defects are discussed in Chapter 5.Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF/tefralogy)PrevalenceTetralogy of Fallot accounts for up to 10% of all cases of congenital heart disease in postnatal series. In the Evelina fetal series, tetral Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2ogy of Fallot accounted for 5.2% of the total series and 7.2% of all cases of fetal congenital heart disease seen in the last 10 years.203Fetal CardioEbook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
logy Simplified - A Practical ManualDefinitionTetralogy of Fallot is described as an anomaly consisting of four components: a ventricular septal defecChapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2override the ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. In practice the significant clinical features are the ventricular septal defect and the pulmonary stenosis.SpectrumTetralogy of Fallot constitutes a spectrum of abnormality. If there is minimal or no obstruction to the right Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2ventricular outflow tract, then it is hard to distinguish from a ventricular septal defect with aortic override. If there is complete obstruction to tEbook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
he right ventricular outflow tract, then the condition overlaps with pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect (see below). There is another Chapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2ons, including a right-sided aortic arch, total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, atrioventricular septal defect, multiple ventricular septal defects and coronary artery fistula.Fetal echocardiographic featuresThe axis of the fetal heart may be abnormal in some cases (Figure 8.1a). However, the f Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2our-chamber view of the fetal heart is often normal, though a ventricular septal defect may sometimes be seen in this view (Figure 8.2a). Long-axis viEbook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
ews of the left ventricle, to image the aorta arising from the left ventricle, will demonstrate the ventricular septal defect and the aorta overridingChapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2ricles (Figures 8.1c and 8.2c). Note that it is the aortic valve that overrides the ventricular septal defect. Occasionally the impression of aortic override can be produced by artefact, but in these cases, the appearance of a defect is above the aortic valve (Figure 8.4) and therefore this cannot b Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2e true override. Further examples of the four-chamber view and override are shown in Figures 8.Safa and 8.6a-b. In cases with tetralogy of Fallot, theEbook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
aorta may appear dilated. The pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle and is usually small, though its size can vary from being within the nChapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2 tract obstruction, even though the Doppler velocities may fall in the normal range, with laminar flow across the valve into the small pulmonary artery (Figure 8.2f). In cases with severe pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, the pulmonary artery is likely to be very hypoplastic and reversal of flow Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2in the arterial duct may be detected. Colour flow may be helpful in identifying very small pulmonary arteries which may not be easily visualised and fEbook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
or identifying reverse flow from the arterial duct (Figures 8.7a-d). These cases overlap with pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect (see Chapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2 view (Figure 8.6d).2048 Great artery abnormalities (II) AhrxxrnaVJies 0/venrrtcuto-arteriaf connectionFigure 8.1. An example of tetralogy of Fallot with levoposition of the cardiac axis, a) The four-chamber view shows that the cardiac axis is rotated towards the left axilla, b) The aorta is overrid Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2ing the crest of the ventricular septum and the ventricular septal defect, c) Colour flow shows flow from both ventricles in the aorta (shown in blue)Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2
.:Ỵ£Fetal Cardiology Simplified - A Practical ManualFigure 8.2. An example of tetralogy of Fallot with good sized pulmonary arteries, a) The four-chamChapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•M Ebook Fetal cardiology simplified - A practical manual: Part 2rom both ventricles In the aorta (shown In blue).Figure continued overleaf.Chapter 8Great artery abnormalities (II)Abnormalities of ventriculo-arterial connectionSummary■ Ventricular septal defect with great artery override•MGọi ngay
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