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Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

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Nội dung chi tiết: Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2imply with the activity of membrane transport proteins that permit the uptake of specific molecules into the cytosol. However, for multicellular organ

isms, including humans, the challenges of delivering nutrients to appropriate sites in the body are significantly greater, particularly if the organis Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

ms are terrestrial. Further, most of the food we eat is in the form of macromolecules, and even when these are digested to their component monomers, m

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

ost of the end products are water-soluble and do not readily cross cell membranes (a notable exception are the constituents of dietary lipids). Thus,

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2stances (toxins and microbial products, as well as microbes themselves). The latter situation Is complicated by the fact that the intestine maintains

a lifelong relationship with a rich microbial ecosystem residing in its lumen, a relationship that is largely mutually beneficial if the microbes are Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

excluded from the systemic compartment.The Intestine Is a continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus and is formally contiguous with the external

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

environment. A single cell layer of columnar epithelial cells comprises the semipermeable barrier across which controlled uptake of nutrients takes p

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2o distal segments, and regulation of the microbiota.There are also important motility functions that move the Intestinal contents and resulting waste

products along the length of the gut, and a rich Innervation that regulates motility, secretion and nutrient uptake, in many cases in a manner that is Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

independent of the central nervous system. There is also a large number of endocrine cells that release hormones that work together with neurotransmi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

tters to coordinate overall regulation of the Gl system. In general, there Is considerable redundancy of control systems as well as excess capacity fo

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2esity.The liver, while playing important roles In whole body metabolism. is usually considered a part of the gastrointestinal system for two main reas

ons. First, it provides for excretion from the body of lipid-soluble waste products that cannot enter the urine. These are secreted into the bile and Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

thence Into the intestine to be excreted with the feces. Second, the blood flow draining the intestine is arranged such that substances that are absor

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

bed pass first through the liver, allowing for the removal and metabolism of any toxins that have Inadvertently been taken up, as well as clearance of

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2d the ways in which the various segments communicate to provide an integrated response to a mixed meal (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids). The rele

vance of gastrointestinal physiology for the development of digestive diseases will also be considered. While many are rarely life-threatening (with s Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

ome notable exceptions, such as specific cancers) digestive diseases represent a substantial burden in terms of morbidity and lost productivity. A 200

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

9 report of the U.S. National Institutes of Diabetes. Digestive and Kidney Diseases found that on an annual basis, for every too U.S. residents, there

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2 be increasing in this population (although mortality, principally from cancers, Is thankfully in decline). On the other hand, digestive diseases, and

In particular Infectious diarrhea, remain Important causes of mortality in developing countries where clean sources of food and water cannot be assur Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

ed. In any event, the burden of digestive diseases provides an important Impetus for gaining a full understanding of gastrointestinal physiology, sinc

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

e it Is a failure of such physiology that most often leads to disease. Conversely, an understanding of specific digestive conditions can often illumin

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2r, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional significance of the gastrointestinal system, and in particular, its roles in nutrient ass

imilation, excretion, and immunity.■Describe the structure of the gastrointestinal tract, the glands that drain into It, and Its subdivision into func Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

tional segments.■List the major gastrointestinal secretions, their components, and the stimuli that regulate their production.■Describe water balance

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

in the gastrointestinal tract and explain how the level of luminal fluidity is adjusted to allow for digestion and absorption.■Identify the major horm

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2lanchnic circulation.INTRODUCTIONThe primary function of the gastrointestinal tract is to serve as a portal whereby nutrients and water can be absorbe

d into the body. In fulfilling this function, the meal is mixed with a variety of secretions that arise from both the gastrointestinal tract itself an Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

d organs that drain into it, such as the pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands. Likewise, the intestine displays a variety of motility patterns t

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

hat serve to mix the meal with digestive secretions and move it alongthe length of the gastrointestinal tract. Ultimately, residues of the meal that c

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2of meals. Tims, the gastrointestinal system has evolved a large number of regulatory mechanisms that act both locally and over long distances to coord

inate the function of the gut and the organs that drain into it.STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONSThe parts of the gastrointestinal tract that are encountered Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

by the meal or its residues include, in order, the mouth, esopha gus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Throughout th

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

e length of the intestine, glandular structures deliver secretions into the lumen, particularly in the stomach and mouth. Also important in the proces

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2ich is important tor its absorptive function. The intestinal tract IS functionally divided into segments, bymeans of muscle rings known as sphincters,

that restrict the flow of intestinal contents to optimize digestion and absorp lion. These sphincters include the upper and lower esophageal sphincte Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

rs, the pylorus that retards emptying of the stomach, the ileocecal valve that retains colonic contents (including large numbers of bacteria) in the l

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

arge intestine, and the inner and outer anal sphincters. After toilet training, the latter permits delaying the elimination of wastes until a time whe

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2ayer of columnar epithelial cells. This455456SECTION IV Gastrointestìrưỉ PhysiologyEpitheliumBasement mcmdrancLamina propriaMuscularis mucosaSubmucosa

Circular muscleMyenteric plexus Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (24th edition): Part 2

SECTION IVGastrointestinal PhysiologyFor unicellular organisms that exist in a sea of nutrients, it is possible to satisfy nutritional requirements si

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