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Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

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Nội dung chi tiết: Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2ificance of the gastrointestinal system, and in particular, its roles in nutrient assimilation, excretion, and immunity.■Describe the structure of the

gastrointestinal tract, the glands that drain into it, and its subdivision into functional segments.■List the major gastrointestinal secretions, thei Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

r components, and the stimuli that regulate their production.■Describe water balance in the gastrointestinal tract and explain how the level of lumina

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

l fluidity is adjusted to allow for digestion and absorption.■Identify the major hormones, other peptides, and key neurotransmitters of the gastrointe

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2rointestinal tract is to serve as a portal whereby nutrients and waler can be absorbed into the body. In fulfilling this function, the meal is mixed w

ith a variety of secretions that arise from both the gastrointestinal tract itself and organs that drain into it, such as the pancreas, gallbladder, a Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

nd salivary glands. Likewise, the intestine displays a variety of motility patterns that serve to mix the meal with digestive secretions and move it a

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

long the lengthof the gastrointestinal tract. Ultimately, residues of the meal that cannot Ik* absorbed, along with cellular debris, are expelled from

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2number of regulatory mechanisms that act both locally and over long distances to coordinate the function of the gut and the organs that drain into It.

STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONSThe parts of the gastrointestinal tract that are encoun tered by the meal or its residues include, in order, the mouth, esoph Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

agus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Throughout the length of the intestine, glandular structures deliver secretio

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

ns into the lumen, particularly in the stomach and mouth. Also important in the process of digestion are secretions from the pancreas and the biliary

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2ctis functionally divided into segments by means of muscle rings known as sphincters, which restrict the flow of intes final contents to optimize dige

stion and absorption. These sphincters include the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, the pylorus that retards emptying of the stomach, the ileoce Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

cal valve that retains colonic contents (including large numbers of bacteria) in the large intestine, and the inner and outer anal sphincters. After t

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

oilet training, the latter permits delaying the elimination of wastes until a time when it is socially convenient.The intestine is composed of functio

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2aMuscUaris mucosaSubmucosaCircular muscleMyenteric plexusLongitudinal muscleMesothelium (serosa)FIGURE 25-1 Organization of the wall of the intestine

into functional layers. lAJapits) wiUi perniisMon IroniYditkj-JdT: Tcxitookp/CntaraenKralagy. 4ih rd. New York, NY. I Ipplnrott vallums ft wikins; Zt» Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

ỈOMucosaMusculans proprialumen is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. Ihis rep resents the barrier that nutrients must traverse to enter the

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

body. Below the epithelium is a layer of loose connective tissue known as the lamina propria, which in turn is sur rounded by concentric layers of smo

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2 intestine is also amply supplied with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics, which are all important in its function.The epithelium of the int

estine is also further specialized in a way that maximizes the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Throughout the small intestine, it is f Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

olded up into fingerlike projections called villi (Figure 25-2). Between the villi are infoldings known as crypts. Stem cells that give rise to both c

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

rypt and villus epithelial cells reside toward the base of the crypts and are responsible for completely renewing the epithelium every few days or so.

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2ion in the crypts then migrate out onto the villi, where they are eventually shed and lost in the stool. The villus epithelial cells are also notable

for the extensive microvilli that characterize their apical membranes. These microvilli are endowed with a dense glycocalyx (the brush border) that pr Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

obably protects the cells to some extent from the effects of digestive enzymes. Some digestive enzymes are also actually part of the brush border, bei

Ebook Ganong''s review of medical physiology (25/E): Part 2

ng membrane bound proteins. Ihese so-called "brush border hydrolases” perform the final steps of digestion for specific nutrients.

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

Overview ofGastrointestinalFunction & RegulationOBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:CHAPTER25■Understand the functional signi

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