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Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

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Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2out (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protests) to those we know much less about (like the archaea and sub-viral particles).Get friendly with the ma

ny kinds of bacteria, whether they're important for geochemical cycles or human health.Get an overview of eukaryotic microorganisms including the yeas Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

ts, fungi, and the great diversity of protists that include the algae, the phytoplankton, and the amoeba, among others.Discover the structures and beh

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

aviors of the viruses, including those that infect plants, animals, and bacteria.IN THIS CHAPTER» Becoming familiar with the Bacteria» Introducing the

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2uts the number of bacterial and archaeal cells on earth at around 2.5 X103°. The number of species is harder to pin down. Some scientists think that t

here are far more prokaryotic species than all eukaryotic organisms combined, whereas others think that it’s the reverse. Either way, more prokaryotic Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

species are being discovered every year, and it’s likely that we've just hit the tip of the diversity iceberg!Prokaryote is sort of a misnomer becaus

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

e it’s used to talk about all non-nucleated ( /|\ ) cells, as opposed to eukaryotes, which have a nucleus and organelles, among other things. Both the

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2he third major domain of life) and so they technically shouldn’t be grouped together. Because the Bacteria and the Archaea have many other similaritie

s, it’s simply more convenient to consider them al the same time in this book. However, archaea and bacteria arc fundamentally different from one anot Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

her in terms of cellular structures and genes, including those used to determine ancestry.Making sense of rhe vast numbers of different species and li

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

festyles is no easy task. In truth, scientists will bo working for many years and there still won’t be a tidy sorted list. With this in mind, we’ve pu

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2ey live.CHAPTER 12 Meet the Prokaryotes 177Another term for how things are related to one another in the evolutionary sense is phylogeny. Phylogeny is

measured by comparing the genetic code in each organism. There are several ways to do this, which are summarized in Chapter 11.©There are three domai Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

ns of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, and within each 1 are several phyla. A phylum is a major evolutionary division that is then divided again

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

as class, then order, then family, then genus, then species. This type of organi-TIPzation is called taxonomic classification and each of these divisi

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2ingdom is still an important rank when describing major groups within the domain Eukarya, but it’s less useful for describing the Bacteria and the Arc

haea domains. For this reason, kingdom isn't used in this chapter.Getting to Know the BacteriaOf the two domains of prokaryotes, the Bacteria are the Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

best studied and contain all known prokaryotic pathogens. In reality, only about 1 percent of all bacteria have been studied in any detail and of thes

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

e only a small proportion cause disease. Some, like Pseudomonas, take the opportunity to colonize humans when their immune system is down, but they ar

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2ve outside a host cell. Figure 12-1 shows a general view of the known phyla in the domain Bacteria.The Gram-negative bacteria: ProteobacteriaThis phyl

um contains all kinds of interesting metabolic diversity that doesn't match the evolutionary paths of diversity. This might be because members have be Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

en swapping DNA and have taken on traits that other bacteria had to evolve. This type of genetic transfer is called lateral gene transfer (LGT, or som

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

etimes horizontal gene transfer, HGT) and makes deciphering bacterial evolution a bit tricky. The Proteobacteria can be divided genetically into five

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2E 12-1:The phylogenetic tree of the bacterid.TIPThis group seems (0 have the largest number of species, and many of them have been isolated in laborat

ory culture. Many members of the Proteobacteria are models for the study of microbial systems like genetics (E. coir) and anoxic photosynthesis (purpl Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

e sulfur bacteria).Autotrophic lifestylesNitrifiers oxidize inorganic nitrogen compounds like ammonia and nitrate for energy. All are environmental, f

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

ound in sewage treatment plants as well as soil and water. They're different in that they have internal membranes that help with compartmentalizing to

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2xidizers have names that start with Nitro- (for example, Nitrobocter).Sulfur oxidizers live either in acidic or neutral environments rich in sulfur co

mpounds. The acid-tolerant sulfur oxidizers (like Thiobacillus) acidify their environment by making sulfuric acid as a waste product during metabolism Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

, and many can also use iron as an energy source. Neutral sulfur environments like sulfur springs and decomposing matter in lake sediments are home to

Ebook Microbiology: Part 2

sulfur oxidizers like Beỹỹiatoo that grow in long chains and often have sulfur granules deposited within their cells.

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

Meeting the MicrobesIF IT- f SFB- w fIN THIS PART . ..Get acquainted with microorganisms from the three domains of life — from those we know a lot abo

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