Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
SectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2ulate proper ECF volume and solute composition on a minute-to-minute basis. This is accomplished by intrarenal physical forces and feedback systems, as well as input from the nervous and endocrine systems. At the same time, the kidneys excrete waste (excess fluid and electrolytes, as well as urea, b Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2ilirubin, drugs, and potential toxins) and provide key endocrine functions.Chapter 16Overview, Glomerular Filtration, and Renal ClearanceChapter 17RenEbook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
al Transport ProcessesChapter 18Urine Concentration and Dilution MechanismsChapter 19Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume and OsmolarityChapter 20SectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2TIONOF THE KIDNEYSrhe kidneys perform a host of functions, including the following:■Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance: The kidneys regulate the volume of extracellular tluid through reabsorption and excretion ol'NaC.l and water. They also regulate the plasma levels of other key substances Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2(Na*, K*. Cl , HCOf, 11*, glucose, amino acids, Ca2*, phosphates). Key renal processes that allow regulation of circulating substances are as follows:Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
■Filtration of fluid and solutes from the plasma into the nephrons■Reabsorption of fluid and solutes out of the renal tubules into the peritubular capSectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2ndogenous (e.g., K\ H\ creatinine, ACh, NE) and exogenous (e.g., para-aminohippurate, salicylic acid, penicillin) can be secreted in the urine■Excretion of excess fluid, electrolytes, and other sub stances (e.g., urea, bilirubin, acid [1Ỉ’])■Regulation of plasma osmolarity: “Opening” and “closing” s Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2pecific water channels in the renal collecting ducts produces concentrated and dilute urine (res pcctively), allowing regulation of plasma osmolarityEbook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
and extracellular fluid (F.C.F) volume.■Excretion of metabolic waste products: Urea (from protein metabolism), creatinine (from muscle meta holism), bSectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2ated in urine.■Producing/converting hormones: The kidney produces erythropoietin and renin. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow. Renin, a proteolytic enzyme, is secreted into the blood and converts angiotensinogen toangiotensin 11 which is then converted to angiotensin Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2 11 by angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACEỊ in lungsand other tissues). The renin-angiotensin system is critical for fluid-electrolyte homeostasis amiEbook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
long-term blood pressure regulation. The renal tubulesalso convert 25 hydroxyvitamin D to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvilamin D, which can act on kidney,SectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2her in Chapter 20). During starvation, the kidney also has the ability Io produce glucose through gluconeogenesis.The kidneys are bilateral, retroperitoneal organs that receive their blood supply from the renal arteries (Fig. 16.1A). Each kidney is approximately the size of an adult fist, surrounded Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2 by a fibrous capsule. The parenchyma is divided into the cortex and outer and inner medulla. The cortex contains renal corpuscles, which are glomerulEbook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
ar capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsules. The corpuscles are connected to nephrons, which are the tubules that are considered the functional uniSectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2ntains the pars recta, thick and thin ascending loops of Henle and collecting ducts (Fig. 16.2). These empty urine into the calyces, and ultimately, the ureter, which leads to the bladder. Thus, a portion of the plasma fraction ofbkxxl entering the kidney is filtered through the glomerular capillary Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2 membrane into Bowman’s space, flows into the nephrons, and becomes tubular fluid. After the tubular fluid is processed in the nephron, the remainingEbook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
fluid (urine) flowing through the collecting ducts exits the renal pyramids into the minor calyces, rhe minor calyces combine Io form the major calyceSectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2Lach kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons. There are two populations of nephrons, cortical (or superficial) and iuxtamedullary (deep) nephrons. Most of the nephrons arc cortical (-80%), while -20% are juxtamedullary. The popula lions are similar in that they are composed of the same Structur Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2es, but differ in their location within the kidney and in the length of segments. The cortical nephrons originate from glomeruli in the upper and middEbook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2
le regions of the cortex, and their loops of 1 ienle are short, extending only to the inner stripe of the outer medulla (see Fig. 16.2). The glomeruliSectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to regu Ebook Netter''s Essential physiology: Part 2and renal sinusFigure 16.1A. Anterior surface of right kidneySuperior extremityLiteral marginFibrous capsule Inciied and peeled offHilusSectionRENAL PHYSIOLOGYThe kidneys are the primary avenue for regulating extracellular fluid (ECF) and electrolyte homeostasis. Their "job" is to reguGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook