Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2
Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2
Chapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2 child or adult has abnormalities in a ‘triad’ of behavioural domains: social development, communication, and repetitive behaviour/obsessive interests (APA 1994; ICD-10 1994). In the past, cognitive developmental theories of autism have not attempted to account for the whole triad; rather they have Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2focused on one or two of its components. 1 lere we present a new theory, empathizing systemizing (E S) theory, which does account for the whole triad.Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2
E s theory evolved from the mindblindness theory of autism.MINDBLINDNESS THEORYThe mindblindness theory of autism (Baron-Cohen 1995) proposed that inChapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2ere we use the term ‘empathizing' to encompass ‘theory of mind’, ‘mind-reading’, and taking the ‘intentional stance’ (Dennett 1987).Empathizing involves two major elements: (a) the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, as a natural way to understand agents (Baron-Cohen 1994a, 199 Ebook New developments in autism: Part 24b; Leslie 1995; Premack 1990), and (b) having an emotional reaction that is appropriate to the other person’s mental state. In this sense, it includeEbook New developments in autism: Part 2
s what is normally meant by the term ‘theory of mind’ (the attributional component) but it goes beyond this, to also include having some affective reaChapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2ght do next, and how they might feel.155156 / NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AUTISMAnd it allows US to feel connected to another agent’s experience, and respond appropriately to them.Since the first test of mindblindness in children with autism (Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith 1985), there have been more than 30 Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2 experimental tests. The vast majority of these have revealed profound impairments in the development of their empathizing ability. These are reviewedEbook New developments in autism: Part 2
elsewhere (Baron-Cohen 1995; Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusbcrg and Cohen 199 3), but include deficits in the following:•joint attention (Baron-Cohen 1989a)Chapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2anding that ‘sccing-leads-to-knowing’ (Baron-Cohen and Goodhart 1994; Leslie and Frith 1988)•distinguishing mental from physical entities (Baron-Cohen 1989b; Ozonoft' Pennington and Rogers 1990)•making the appearance-reality distinction (Baron-Cohen 1989b)•understanding false belief (Baron-Cohen er Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2al. 1985)•understanding beliefs about beliefs (Baron-Cohen 1989c)•understanding complex emotions (Baron-Cohen 1991)•showing concern at another’s painEbook New developments in autism: Part 2
(Yirmiya er al. 1992).Some children and adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) only show (heir empathizing deficits on age-appropriate adult tests (Baron-Chapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2tive development (Baron-Cohen 1988; Tager-Flusberg 199 3), and the development of imagination (Baron-Cohen 1987; Leslie 1987).EMPATHIZING-SYSTEMIZING (E-S) THEORYAs explained above, we have defined empathizing so as to include both the recognition of mental states, and the appropriate emotional resp Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2onse to these. A deficit in empathizing might account for the social and communication abnormalities that arc diagnostic of autism, but such a deficitEbook New developments in autism: Part 2
has little if anything to contribute to our understanding of the third domain of abnormality in the triad: the repetitive behaviour and obsessions. FChapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2his is what we call systemizing.Systemizing is the drive to analyse the variables in a system, to derive the underlying rules that govern the behaviour of a system. Systemizing also refers to the drive to conSYSTEMIZING AND EMPATHIZING IN ASD / Ì57Struct systems. Systemizing allows you to predict th Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2e behaviour of a system, and to control it.A system is defined as something that takes inputs, which can then be operated on in variable ways, to deliEbook New developments in autism: Part 2
ver different outputs in a rule-governed way. There arc at least six-kinds of system, technical, natural, abstract, social, organizable and motoric, bChapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when a Ebook New developments in autism: Part 2n:INPUT> OPERATION> OUTPUT(A) An example of a technical system: a sailINPUT ------------► OPERATION ----------► OUTPUTChapter 7Systemizing and Empathizing in Autism Spectrum ConditionsSally WheelwrightINTRODUCTIONAutism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are diagnosed when aGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook