Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
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Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> Ene Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2ergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy- EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy•- Energy6 CO, I 6 H,o6 CO, I 6 H,oAnabolismCatabolism(Biosynthesis)than being released in one grand, inefficient explosion. The efficiency of energy transfer al each step is never 100%, but a considerable percentage of the energy is conserved in Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2 manageable form. Energy carriers that accept and donate energy, such as adenine nucleotides (ATP) and nicotinamide coenzymes (NAI)H),are found in allEbook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
life forms.A major goal of learning about metabolism is to understand how these “quanta” of energy are used. AÌ p and NAIJH—and other coenzymes—arc t10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> Ene Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2he synthesis of glucose cannot be accomplished in a single step. Mullistep synthesis is coupled to the input of small quanta of energy from AH' and NAIXI. (b> me uncontrolled cornbuslion of glucose releases a large amount of energy all al once. A rnullislcp enzyme catalyzed pathway releases the same Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2 amount of energy but conserves much of it in a manageable form.c. Metabolic Pathways Are RegulatedMetabolism is highly regulated. Organisms react toEbook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
changing environmental conditions such as the availability of energy or nutrients. Organisms also respond to genetically programmed instructions. For 10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> Ene Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2tions range from small changes to drastically reorganizing the metabolic processes that govern the synthesis or degrada tion of biomoleculcs and the generation or consumption of energy, Control processes can affect many pathways or only a few, and the response lime can range from less than a second Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2to hours or longer. The most rapid biological responses, occurring in milliseconds, include changes in the passage of small ions (c.g., Na®, K®, and CEbook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
aO) through cell membranes. Transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction depend on ion movement. The most rapid responses are also the most s10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> Ene Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2 Consider a simple linear pathway that begins with substrate A and ends with product p.E. E, Ej E, Ej A = B — c = D = E — p-10.1Introduction to MetabolismIn the preceding chapters, wc described the structures and functions of the major components of living cells from small molecules to polymers to l Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2arger aggregates such as membranes, rhe next nine chapters focus on the biochemical activities that assimilate, transform, synthesize, and degrade manEbook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
y of the nutrients and cellular com ponents already described. Ihe biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, which represent a significant proportio10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> Ene Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2he marked shift in our discussion, wc will see that metabolic pathways are governed by basic chemical and physical laws. By taking a stepwise approach that builds on the foun dations established in the first two parts of this book, we can describe how metabolism operates. In this chapter, we discuss Ebook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2 some general themes of metabolism and the lher modynamk principles thill underlie cellular activities.I or most metabolic sequences neither the substEbook Principles of biochemistry (5/E): Part 2
rate concentration nor the product concentration changes significantly, even though the flux through the pathway may change dramatically.—Jeremy R. Kn10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> Ene10.2 Metabolic Pathways 299wGlucose + 6 0?Glucose + 6 0?Impossible one-step synthesisMultistep pathwayUncontrolled combustionMultistep pathway''■> EneGọi ngay
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