Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
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Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
CHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2rnal and external validity238Reducing bias in participants and the investigating team241Blind experiments243The RCT In health care evaluation243Other analytic methods of investigation24ABefore-after study with non-randomised control group251After-only study with non-randomised control group251Time s Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2eries studies using different samples (historical controls)252Geographical comparisons252People acting as own controls253Within-person, controlled sitEbook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
e study253Threats to the validityof causal Inferences in other analytic studies253Summary of main points254Key questions254Key terms255Recommended reaCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2of an intervention necessitates the careful manipulation of that intervention (experimental variable), in controlled conditions, and a comparison of the group receiving the intervention with an equivalent control group. It is essential that systematic errors (bias) and random errors (chance) are min Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2imised. This requirement necessitates carefully designed, rigorously carried out studies, using reliable and valid methods of measurement, and with suEbook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
fficiently large samples of participants who are representative of the target population. This chapter describes the range of methods available, alongCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2e, the intervention, the experimental or predictor variable) is carefully manipulated by the investigator under known, tightly defined and controlled conditions, or by natural occurrence.At its most basic, the experiment consists of an experimental group which is exposed to the intervention under in Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2vestigation and a control group which is not exposed. The experimental and control groups should be equivalent, and investigated systematically underEbook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
conditions that are identical (apart from the exposure of the experimental group), in order to minimise variation between them.Origins of the experimeCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2hadnezzar II ordered to be followed for three years, was not adhered to by four royal children who ate pulses and drank water instead. The latter group remained healthy while others soon became ill. Trials of new therapies are commonly thought to have originated with Ambroise Pare in 1537, in which Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2ho mixed oil of rose, turpentine and egg yolk as a replacement formula for the treatment of wounds, and noted the new treatment to be more effective.Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
Most people think of James Lind as the originator of more formal clinical trials as he was the first documented to have included control groups in hisCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2recovered for duty, compared with those with scurvy on their usual diets who did not. Clinical trials using placebo treatments (an inactive or inert substance) in the control groups then began to emerge from 1800: and ưials using techniques of randomising patients between treatment and control arms Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2developed from the early twentieth century onwards (see documentation of developments on www.healthandage. com/html/res/clinical_trials/).Dehue (2001)Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
traced the later histoneal origins of psycho social experimentation using randomised controlled designs. In a highly readable account, she placed theCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2 about child poverty, slum clearance, minimum wage bills and unemployment insurance in the USA and Europe. In this context.236 RESEARCH METHODS IN HEALTH: INVESTIGATING HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICESit was argued by free marketers that, if government or private money was to be spent on the public good, Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2then there was a need to demonstrate proof of benefit and change of behaviour. This led to appeals by government administrations to the social scienceEbook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
s, who adapted to these demands, and moved away from their free reasoning, reflective approaches towards instrumental, standardised knowledge and objeCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2uring attitudes. Strict methodological rigour became the norm and experiments were designed (typically with school children) which compared experimental and control groups of people (Dehue 2000). By die end of die 1920s in the USA, ‘administrative’ social scientists had a high level of political inf Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2luence and social authority, and social science was flourishing. US researchers adopted Fisher's (1935) techniques of testing for statistical significEbook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
ance, and his emphasis that random allocation to groups was the valid application of his method. This culminated in Campbell's (1969) now classic publCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2ok and Campbell 1979), and calls to include both value and facts in evaluations (Cronbach 1987), in the 1970s and 1980s. the Ford Foundation supported randomised controlled experiments with 65.000 recipients of welfare in 20 US states (see Dehue 2001, for further details and references).The true exp Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2erimentTwo features mark the true (or classic) experiment: two or more differently treated groups (experimental and control), and the random (chance)Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
assignment (‘randomisation’) of participants to experimental and control groups (Moser and Kalton 1971: Dooley 1995). This requirement necessitates thCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235Inter Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2also include a pre test (before the intervention, or manipulation of the independent variable) and a post test (after the intervention) for the experimental and control groups. The testing may include the use of interviews, self-administcrcd questionnaires, diaries, abstraction of data from medical Ebook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2records, bio-chemical testing, assessment (c.g. clinical), and so on. Observation of the participants can also be used. Pro- and post-testing arc neceEbook Research methods in health (4/E): Part 2
ssary in order to be able to measure the effects of the intervention on the experimental group and the direction of any associations.CHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235InterCHAPTER 10Quantitative research: experiments and other analytic methods of investigationChapter contentsIntroduction235The experimental method235InterGọi ngay
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