Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
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Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2e of social and clinical psychology have delved into a range of clinically relevant emotions. This chapter focuses on developments in the scientific study of four negatively valenced emotions—two “self-conscious” emotions (shame and guilt) and two “social-comparative" emotions (jealousy and envy), w Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ith a special emphasis on rhe clinical implications of this work. To be sure, social psychologists have conducted vital work on other clinically relevEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
ant emotions— most notably anger, fear, joy, and sadness are rhe emotions most commonly induced in laboratory experiments investigating rhe influence 14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2easons. First, these emotions arc often encountered in clinical settings. Not infrequently, clients enter therapy seeking relief from troubling excesses of shame, guilt, jealousy, and/or envy. Second, until recently these emotions have received relatively little empirical attention from researchers Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2in the field of emotion research. Much of rhe initial research on emotion focused on so called “basic” emotions that emerge early in life and that arcEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
readily identified by unique facial expressions (thus circumventing the need to rely solely on self-report of internal phenomena). Third, shame, guil14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2s. At issue, in each case, is some threat to rhe self.245246 PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMSARE SHAME, GUILT, JEALOUSY, AND ENVY “PROBLEMATIC” EMOTIONS?Some years ago we wrote a similar chapter entitled “Shame, Guilt, Jealousy, and Envy: Problematic Emotions” (Tangney & Salovey, 1999 Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2). In retrospect, we think we may have overstated the point. All emotions arc potentially problematic when experienced too intensely, too often, or inEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
inappropriate and unhelpful contexts. This is most obviously the case for negative emotions. A similar, though perhaps less immediately obvious, case14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2portion with the realities of rhe individual’s circumstance or situation (as, e.g., among some individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder or narcissistic personality disorder) can set the stage for serious problems for the person and his or her functioning in rhe interpersonal realm. Consider, as w Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ell, rhe social impact of subclini-cal but obnoxious expressions of hubris, or “pride in self” (Tracy & Robins, 2007).In our view, such clinical manifEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
estations represent instances of normal human emotions gone awry. In rhe normal realm, the rich palate of human emotions serves important adaptive fun14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2important to the person experiencing them. In turn, these human emotions—both pleasant and unpleasant—form rhe basis of human motivation (Frijda, 2006). Emotions also serve useful social signaling functions—most obviously in the case of emotions that arc paired with universally recognized facial exp Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ressions (e.g., anger, disgust, fear, joy), bur also in rhe case of emotions marked by easily decoded postural features, such as pride and shame (DarwEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
in, 1872). Thus, although this chapter focuses on clinically relevant aspects of shame, guilt, jealousy, and envy, we wish to emphasize that these are14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2se ego-relevant emotions, drawing on current psychological theory and recent empirical work. We consider rhe implications of these emotions for both individual adjustment and interpersonal behavior in the normal realm. We then examine the special challenges that arise among troubled and distressed i Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ndividuals—for example, clients who seek therapy—when rhe utility of these emotions breaks down, and offer some tentative suggestions on how therapistEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
s, counselors, friends, or distressed individuals themselves might consider “realigning” problematic experiences of shame, guilt, jealousy, and/or env14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2MILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES?A significant advance in the scientific study of emotion has been the clarification of emotion terms often used loosely—both in everyday conversation and in psychological writings. Our lexicon for negative emotions is richer than for positive emotions. Nonetheless, people— Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2 psychologists and nonspccialists alike—arc often imprecise in their use ofcmotion terms. It is not uncommon to see the terms jealousy and envy used iEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
nterchangeably or rhe term jealousy used generically even in situations where jealousy and envy can be differentiated. Similarly,Emotions of the Imper14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2g body oi emotions theory and research has underscored crucial differences between these often-confused emotional dyads.Similarities between Shame and GuiltShame and guilt are members of a family of emotions termed “self-conscious emotions” (Tangney &. Fischer, 1995). In contrast to the basic emotio Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ns (c.g., anger, fear, joy) that emerge very early in life and arc characterized in part by unique, universally recognizable facial expressions, as weEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
ll as evidenced in nonhuman animals, rhe self-conscious emotions have been described as “secondary,” “derived,” or “complex” emotions because they eme14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2, Stanger, ỔC Weiss, 1989).First, self-conscious emotions require the development oi a sense of self—a recognition of oneself as separate and distinct from others. In fact, most emotion theorists believe that a recognized self is a prerequisite for emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and p Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ride (Lewis, 1992; Stipek, 1995; Stipek, Rccchia, & McClintic, 1992; Tracy & Robins, 2004; Wallborr Sc Scherer, 1995; sec Barrett, 1995, however, forEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
an opposing view). For this reason, very young children (c.g., prior to age 15 months) do not have the cognitive capacity to experience self-conscious14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2gainst which the self is evaluated, because self-conscious emotions involve not only consciousness (awareness) of the self but also evaluation of rhe self vis-à-vis standards. Such standards need not be fully internalized (Ĩ.C., owned by the self as intrinsic values and standards); they may rely hea Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2vily on significant others in (he social environment. But a sense of what constitutes “good" and “bad,” “acceptable” and “unacceptable,” “desirable” aEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
nd “inappropriate” is a precondition for experiences of shame and guilt.Third, shame and guilt are evoked by failures or transgressions in some signif14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2 standard of consequence. For this reason, shame and guilt are sometimes reierred to as "moral emotions” because they presumably inhibit hurtful, socially undesirable behaviors (c.g., Damon, 1988; Eisenberg, 1986; Harris, 1989).Distinguishing between shame and GuiltMost people do not clearly dillcrc Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2ntiatc between shame and guilt (Tangncy &. Dearing, 2002). In Western contexts, people arc inclined to use guilt as a nonspecific term to refer to aspEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
ects of both emotions. Alternatively, people refer to “shame and guilt” in one breath, as an inseparable pair ol emotion terms.When people do make a d14 Emotions of the Imperiled EgoShame, Guilt, Jealousy, and EnvyJune Price Tangney Peter SaloveyIn recent years investigators working at the interface Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2s that certain kinds of situations lead to shame, whereas other kinds of situations lead to guilt. There arc two types of “situation-based” accounts of rhe difference between shame and guilt.248 PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMSFirst, and most notably, shame has been conceptualized as Ebook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2the more “public" emotion, arising from public exposure and disapproval, whereas guilt has been conceptualized as a more “private" experience arisingEbook Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology: Part 2
from self-generated pangs of conscience (Ausubcl, 1955; Benedict, 1946). From this perspective, a person would feel guilt about lashing our ar a romanGọi ngay
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