Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
Radiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGI Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2ING DEVICESNOTES—IntroductionINTRODUCTION (Fig. 1)The study of anatomy by using X-rays is referred to as Radiological Anatomy. Many a fact in gross anatomy can be revealed and demonstrated in an X-ray plate (radiograph) and some of the organs (e.g. heart, diaphragm, stomach) may be seen functioning Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2by looking into the screen on which shadows fall (fluoroscopy).10" 10'“ 10*1O‘10*10* 10°10" 10- 10' 10* 10” 10”WMVOS-Ipnnlh in rEbook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
X-roys In electromagnetic radiationsRadiographs are an essential element in clinical diagnosis and a doctor has therefore to be well conversant with tRadiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGI Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2ered by Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen, a German physicist, in 1895. They form a part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiations, where the long electric and radio-waves are found at the one end; the infra red, visible, and ultra-violete light waves in the middle; and the X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic ra Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2ys at the shortwave length end. It is thus apparent that the X-rays are of the same nature as light rays but have the distinguishing feature that theiEbook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
r wavelengths are very short, 1/10000 of the wave length of visible light. It is this characteristic that permits X-rays to penetrate materials which Radiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGI Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2ted partly by scattering and partly by absorption. Substances absorb them according to their atomic weights and density; the higher the atomic weight or density of a substance, the greater the absorption. This is fundamental property as far as obtaining an image is concerned, Bone with a high percen Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2tage of calcium absorbs the X-rays more than skin and muscle which have a low percentage of calcium. The lower the atomic weights of the elements in aEbook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
substance the more transparent will it be. Radiography is, therefore, based on the differential absorption of X-rays. Structures readily penetrated bRadiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGI Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2ons in much the same way as light. If a suitable type of photographic film is placed behind an object and an exposure made, the translucent parts allow the X-rays to pass through, so that these parts appear dark on the developed film. The dense parts absorb the X-rays, either partially or completely Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2, and largely prevent them from reaching the film. In the corresponding parts of the film there is, therefore, less blackening effect so that when theEbook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
film is viewed by transmitted white light a black and white picture is seen, the white parts corresponding to the dense parts in the object. This is Radiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGI Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2skia - shadow and gramma = a writing)iii.Fluorescent effect: Light waves are produced if X-rays strike certain metallic salts (phosphorous). This is called fluorescence. Fluoroscopy or screening depends on this effect.iv.Biological effect: X-rays can destroy abnormal cells (e.g., in malignant tumour Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2s) without destroying adjacent normal cells to the same degree. This is the basis of radiotherapy.STANDARD VIEWS OF A RADIOGRAPHSkiagrams are taken inEbook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2
different positions of the subject in relation to the source of X-ray! and the photographic film. Some of the common positions used are:1Antero-posteRadiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGI Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2his view.2Postero-anterior view (PA)In this the X-ray tube is posterior to the subject and the film anterior, the rays thus passing postero-anteriorly through the subject. Anteriorly placed structures are more clearly visible in this view. The more commonly taken X-ray of the chest is a P.A. view. Ebook Surface and radiological anatomy (3rd edition): Part 2Radiological AnatomySUPERIOR EXTREMITYri INFERIOR EXTREMITYFl BONE AGETHORAXu ABDOMEN AND PELVISHEAD AND NECK[1 VERTEBRAL COLUMNANGIOGRAPHY□ NEW IMAGIGọi ngay
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