Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
CHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2t was responsible for the settlement of Australia, Canada, and the United States—immigration over the last two or three decades has significantly raised the share of the foreign-born in Europe and North America. For example, the share of the foreign-born in the European population rose from 6.9 perc Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2ent in 1990 to 95 percent in 2010; in Canada, the share of the foreign-born rose from 16.2 percent to 21.3 percent over this period, while in the UnitPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
ed States it rose from 9.1 percent to 13.5 percent.1 The dramatic increase in the presence of immigrants, who frequently speak a different language anCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2d States, which shares a long border with a much poorer country (Mexico) and attracts many workers who have not been able to secure an official immigration visa. Proposals to impose stricter limits on immigration, including those to expel immigrants without work visas, are frequently justified with Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2arguments that immigrants lower the wages of natives or otherwise impose a financial burden on the "host" country.In this chapter, we will use economiPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
c theory to analyze the decision to emigrate and the labor-market effects of immigration. In the process, we will'United Nations, "International MigraCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2ation, and Turnoverexamine how immigrants are likely to differ from others in personal characteristics (age and future-orientation), and what factors influence whether immigration raises the per-capita real income of the native-born in the host country. We begin the chapter, however, with an analysi Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2s of the causes and consequences of worker mobility—the larger category of which immigration is an important subset. Worker mobility plays a criticalPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
role in market economies. Because the purpose of any market is to promote voluntary exchange, society relies on the free movement of workers among empCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2 from lower-paying to higher-paying jobs, for example, is what forces firms that are paying below-equilibrium wages to increase their wage offers. The existence of compensating wage differentials, to take another example, also depends on the ability of informed workers to exercise choice among emplo Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2yment opportunities in the search for enhanced Utility-Mobility, however, is costly. Workers must take time to seek out information on other jobs, andPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
for at least some workers, job search is most efficient if they quit their current job first (to look for work in a new geographic area, for example)CHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2 inside track on future promotions. Once a new job is found, workers may well face monetary, and will almost certainly face psychic, costs of moving to new surroundings—and in the case of immigration, the need to learn a new language and adapt to a new culture makes these costs particularly burdenso Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2me. In short, workers who move to new employers bear costs in the near term so that utility can be enhanced later on. Therefore, the human-capital modPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
el introduced in chapter 9 can be used to analyze mobility investments by workers.WHBi The Determinants of Worker MobilityThe human-capital model viewCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2e of the benefits associated with mobility exceeds the costs, both monetary and psychic, we assume that people win decide to change jobs or move, or both. If the discounted stream of benefits is not as large as the costs, then people will decide against such a change.What determines the present valu Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2e of the net benefits of mobility—that is, the benefits minus the costs—determines the mobility decision. These factors can be better identified by wrPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
iting out the formula to use if we were to precisely calculate these net benefits:T DPresent Value of Net Benefits = V / . - c-10.1fri(l + d‘GeographiCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2 = the rate of discountc = the utility lost in the move itself (direct and psychic costs)s = a summation—in this case, the summation of the yearly discounted net benefits over a period running from year 1 to year TClearly, the present value of the net benefits of mobility will be larger the greater Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2is the utility derived from the new job, the less happy one is in the job of origin, the smaller are the immediate costs associated with the change, aPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
nd the longer one expects to be in the new job or live in the new area (that is, the greater T is). These observations lead to some clear-cut predictiCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2f workers among countries, and among regions within a country, is an important fact of economic life. We have seen that the foreign-bom comprise 10 percent to 20 percent of the population of Europe and North America. Moreover, migration within the United States is such that 1 of every 10 employees l Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2eft their state of residence in the five years between 2000 and 2005? Roughly one-third of those moving among states stay with their current employersPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
, but taking into account those whose move is motivated by economic factors and who change employers, about half of all interstate moves are precipitaCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2to undertake investments in geographic mobility and the directions in which mobility flows will take place.The Direction of Migratory FlowsHuman-capital theory predicts that migration will flow from areas of relatively poor earnings possibilities to places where opportunities are better. Studies of Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2migratory flows support this prediction. In general, the results of such studies suggest that the pull of good opportunities in the areas of destinatiPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
on is stronger2U.S. Census Bureau, "Geographical .Mobility: 2000-2005: Detailed Tables," Table 9, at http:#www xensus.gov/population/www/socdemo/migraCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2See also Larry Schroeder, "Interrelatedness of Occupational and Geographical Labor Mobility," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 29 (April 1976): 405-411.326Chapter 10 Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and Turnoverthan the push of poor opportunities in the areas of origin. In other words, Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2while people are more attracted to places where earnings are expected to be better, they do not necessarily come from areas where opportunities are poPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
orest.The most consistent finding in these detailed studies is that people are attracted to areas where the real earnings of full-time workers are higCHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2already in hand is three times as large as the number moving to look for work. If one already has a job in a particular field, the area's unemployment rate is irrelevant.4Most studies have found that contrary to what we might expect, the characteristics of the place of origin do not appear to have m Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2uch net influence on migration. While those in the poorest places have the greatest incentives to move, the very poorest areas also tend to have peoplPart 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2
e with lower levels of wealth, education, and skills—the very people who seem least willing (or able) to move. To understand this phenomenon, we must CHAPTER 10Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and TurnoverWhile the flow of workers across national borders is not a new phenomenon—after all, it Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2e 10.1, which pulls together the issues of who, where, and when in analyzing one of the most momentous internal migrations in the history of the United States—the Great Migration of blacks from the South to the North in the first half of the twentieth century.) Part 1 Modern labor economics - Theory and public policy (11th edition): Part 2Gọi ngay
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