Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
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Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
CHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ionThirty-six million French people practice a physical or sporting activity, and approximately 15 million of these do so as licensed members of France's 175,000 sports clubs. Up to 350,000 jobs in France are associated with sports development; over 200,000 of these (in the public and private sector Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 s combined) are in sport itself. In total, sports-related spending in France amounts to an annual €24.6 billion, or 1.7 per cent of gross domestic proEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
duct (GDP) (Andreff and Nys, 2001); of this total, more than €10 billion is public money, mainly at the level of the commune.2 In the light of such stCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ts public service functions with regard to education, civic associations (la vie associative), health, social integration (especially in cases of social deprivation), tourism, regional, and local development, the international identity and image of France, and supporting French diplomacy, particular Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ly France's relations with developing countries. These are roles that have grown in significance over time and, in a national political culture that pEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
rizes public service, it is no surprise that they have benefited from large-scale state intervention dating back to the beginning of the 1960s.The firCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 political context.3 The next phase of French state activity in terms of its 'annexation' of sport - in particular of elite sport - came in the early 1960s. In this equally specific international climate of Cold War, it became a symbolic importance that nations were represented at the highest levels Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 of sports competition; in the case of France, no medals were brought home from the 1960 Rome Olympic Games. Sport had become a matter of state, and FrEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
ance's machinery for centralised economic planning ensured a raft of legislative measures which constituted France's first public sports policy.FranceCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ts facilities; a system of aid to federations was put in place; a corps of sports technicians was created (paid by the state and made available to federations); and a National Council for sport (Conseil national des sports) was set up in 1960 with the aim of facilitating relations between the govern Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ment and those responsible for sport in France. Sport in schools and universities was also overhauled, with the intention of bringing school/universitEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
y and club sport closer together; the idea here being to channel more sportsmenFranceand women into competitive sport. The 1960s also saw the state emCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ffect of these measures was to rationalise for the first time the way in which France's sports federations functioned, the declared aim being to improve French performance in top international sports competitions. In effect, the federations were 'nationalised' in the name of the general interest, an Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 d as a clear manifestation of the state's desire to play, effectively, a supervisory role (tuteur effectif) vis-à-vis the federations (Lachaume, 1991)Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
. This trend reached a peak in 1984 with the passing of legislation (In loi generale stir te sport) concerning the organisation and promotion of sportCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 the delegation of this public sen ice provision to the federations themselves, which historically had had the responsibility for the organisation, promotion, and development of sport.In order to fulfil this role, the national sports federations receive sizeable direct and indirect state aid; thus, Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 80 sports federations in 2006 shared between them two types of resource totalling €227 million. Roughly half of this takes the form of the 1,700 technEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
ical experts (all civil servants) made available to the federations (representing approximately 23 per cent of the total staff numbers of the French MCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 rations and report both to their parent Ministry and to the sports federations themselves which underwrite the bonuses and expenses paid to this seconded personnel. The civil servants are involved with the formulation and implementation of federation-level policy; the scouting and coaching of elite Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 athletes; and the training of the federations' own technical experts. The other half of the state funding takes the form of direct subsidies to federaEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
tions and clubs and to local authorities for the building of sports facilities.This 'French model' of sport is thus characterised by a very high levelCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 traditionally far less interventionist. Even so, the state in France only accounts for 12 per cent of national spending on sport (of which a mere 2.7 per cent comes from the sports secretariat within the Ministry for Health, Youth and Sports); 52 per cent of total spending comes from households, and Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 29 per cent from local authorities. Although the state has arrogated a number of prerogatives inComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structuEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
res and public policyregard to elite level sport, and thus operates as a significant regulatory body, local public authorities (the regions, departemeCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 lear set of mechanisms for the division of powers between these different levels of public administration, with the result that a number of sub-national authorities intervene in elite sport (at the level of both clubs and individual sportsmen and women), giving rise to significant regional dispariti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 es. The French model was therefore built in the 1960s and 1970s, and its first results in elite sport came through in the 1990s and 2000s at the OlympEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
ics and World Championships.In this chapter we make an important distinction between 'elite' and 'professional' athletes. Elite athletes certainly benCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 atus is not without its ambiguities. Professional athletes, on the other hand, are defined by their exercise of a salaried activity governed by an increasingly well-defined regulatory framework, which guarantees their status as professionals.The professional might well be of elite standard (e.g., wh Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 en selected for, or eligible for selection for France's national teams), but more often than not this is not the case. For example, a professional boxEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
er is not acknowledged as an elite athlete, because only amateur boxing (AIBA- The International Amateur Boxing Association) is recognised as an eliteCHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ot necessarily professional (Bayle, 2002). For example, there are 206 elite kayakists and 176 rowers in France, very few of whom make a living from their sport.Finally, we must also make the distinction in the French case between individual and teams sports (elite and/or professional) at both the Ol Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ympic and nonOlympic levels. In team sport, the professional disciplines are as follows: football (leagues 1 and 2); basketball (Pro A and Pro B); rugEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
by (Top 14 and Pro D2); handball (DI); volleyball (Pro A and Pro B; and ice hockey (the Magnus league). In these professional team sports, France has CHAPTER gFrance1Emmanuel Bayle, Christophe Durand and Luc NikonoffComparative Elite Sport Development: systems, structures and public policyIntroducti Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ends on the existence or not of an international professional circuit (possibly, but not necessarily, answering to international sports federations). This is the case for athletics, cycling, golf, tennis, snow-boarding, sailing, windsurfing, surfing, boxing, motor sports, motorcycling, and figure sk Ebook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2 ating (Bayle, 2002). We do not cover professional sport in thisFrancechapter, other than indirectly insofar as it feeds elite athletes to the nationalEbook Comparative elite sport development: Part 2
teams.Characteristics of the French model of elite sportIn this part of the chapter, we first outline the basics of the organisation of elite sport iGọi ngay
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