Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
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Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 nderson 2002: 16). This might be thought a good thing, eliminating human error. But. as we have seen, human judgement is essential in aesthetic sports. Still, it might seem that the difficulties or issues raised for judgements of aesthetic sports in the previous chapter either do not apply to purpos Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 ive sports, or that (when they do) they can be overcome by appeal to technological solutions: for instance, modelled on the way that some line-calls iSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
n tennis are automated. But neither point is correct: there will always be areas of judgement, even in purposive sports, since what event occurred dep6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 ctical terms to do without the judgement of referees or umpires, even in purposive sports. Perhaps decisions about what precisely occurred in such-and-such a case are often replaceable by some ‘technological solution': as. for instance, when the Cyclops machine used in lawn tennis replaces line judg Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 es for at least some cases of determining the legality of the serve - we can imagine such a technology extended to cover (ill cases, ‘from infrared moSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
tion detectors to Matrix-Style rotating cameras' (Adande 2003: D8). Yet. even were this possible, not all issues will be resolvable in this way.For in6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 olution of this sort, recently raised in the context of a discussion of the pressure placed on umpires by ‘players, crowds, media' (Brearley 2002: 8): for one way to remove the pressure on the correctness of one's judgements would be to make those judgements answerable to a machine, either to its bl Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 eeps or to its ‘decisions' as to whether a ball was in or a batsman was out. But one might, with justice, harbour reservations about taking that muchSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
power out of the hands of persons - where there would be no appeal when the machine beeped that a ball was out. And. of course, one would not have eli6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 ples and the application of rulescomputers, the machine here is likely to function as a black box: we will not know, nor be able to check, that it is functioning correctly - nor that it continues to do so. After all. an umpire can be asked to explain, in ways a machine never can. Further, we can und Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 erstand how an umpire might acquire authority. As Brearley (2002: 8) rightly put it. such authority ’comes from good decisions.. . . but it is also eaSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
rned by an attitude lived out by the umpire, an attitude that communicates such qualities as honesty, impartiality. fair-mindedness, integrity, direct6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 side officials* (Henderson 2002: 16): certainly, in challenging them, it will at least represent a different kind of authority. (And. as we will see. the umpire may be required to deal with new or unexpected cases.)Moreover, trusting the machine will alter the nature of the sport in other ways: for Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 instance, by changing the margins of winning or losing. Consider the use of ever more exact timing in downhill skiing: what now constitutes a narrow vSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
ictory would, at an technologically more primitive time, have been a tie. a dead heat, or a draw. This may not matter. In addition, the reply might be6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 ts should be of the completely measurable sort - but that would have implications, with a reduced list (compared to. say. the Olympics) of what are and are not sports: moreover, the list might differ markedly from what - pre-theoretically - we thought. For if judgements by umpires can be required, n Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 ot simply as to whether the ball crossed the line or the batsman grounded his bat. but also as to whether the action was within the rules, such umpiriSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
ng decisions will always be indispensable. And. as I shall argue, this is - and must be - the situation.The need to apply the rules (even for purposiv6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 are clearer - it seems the question is simply. ‘Did the ball cross the line?'. 'Which runner crossed the line first?*. (That is. there is an answer in terms of Suits’s pre-lusory goals.) This might seem a purely factual matter, not one requiring the discretion of judge or referee. Second, all the r Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 eferee or umpire needs to do is to apply the rules of that sport, where such rules will unambiguously determine whether or not there was a score: or.Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
more generally, what should be done.Doubts have already been raised about the first of these elements. ‘What occurred* in a sporting context often can6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 we might contrast the role of the referee orPrinciples and the application OJ rules 1V.>the application of the rules in ‘tricky’ situations. In part, the umpire's adjudication on what happened will always be rule-related. Thus determining what happened might involve answering such questions as. ‘lb Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 w or not?', ‘ball or strike?': and these involve determining not only that the ball was in a certain position, but that this was achieved within the rSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
ules. The second half of this contrast, concerning tricky situations, can wait until a little later. For most of the situations in a standard game or 6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 (adjudicating what happened). there will be matters where judgement is needed: for example, in American football, a player must have ‘both feet down and be in control of the ball' in order that a pass into the end zone be completed (for a touchdown). Here, at least, judgement is required as to whet Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 her or not there was control-, that does not seem a matter readily determined by a machine. Similarly, in rugby, scoring a try requires that the ballSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
be touched down in control, where one contrast is with the touching down being blocked by. say. the body of an opponent. Again, such recognition could6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 problematic, for (as we saw in Chapter 2 pp. 49-52) rules could not - in principle - cover all cases. Then the umpire or referee's application of a rule in a particular case may go beyond what had previously seemed the scope of the rule. In such a situation, the umpire will seem obliged to make a n Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 ew rule - which appears to give umpires too much power (or inappropriate power). In both kinds of sports (aesthetic and purposive), there are questionSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
s concerning the role of judges or umpires: in applying the rules of sports, should we perhaps see these umpires as making rules (as some writers on j6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 pplied in all situations: what behaviours a rule prescribes or proscribes is not automatically clear. This follows from our earlier recognitions about rule-following that one cannot, say. provide a further rule to explain what following this rule amounts to (since to do so suggests a regress: Chapte Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 r 2 p. 45): and that there will be cases where the application of the rule is either silent or problematic (for instance, counter-intuitive).Some caseSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
s?The central cases, then, are those where the application of the rules of the game seems problematic. In some cases, the extant rules do not seem to 6 Principles and the application of rulesFor some. ’[i]t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges’ (Hen Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 em to violate considerations of natural justice; one where a common-sense applica-104 Principles and the application of rulesStarling from some examples from J. s. Russell (1999). let US explore some of the varied bases to which decisions by umpires or referees might appeal in practice.•Helping out Sport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2 at home in an 1887 game, runner Mack, who had successfully crossed home plate, tussled with the catcher, allowing two further runners to cross the plaSport, rules and values philosophical investigations into the nature of sport part 2
te: but the rules applied only to base runners: having completed his run. Mack was not subject to this rule.•Hoak's sacrifice in a 1957 game. Hoak (onGọi ngay
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