Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
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Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
Adsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth oksForewordWhen asked about the most important technology for the Process Industries, most people might offer ‘reaction’. If one considers where value is really added, it is more probably in the separation and purification of the products. It is therefore a great pleasure to find that Professors Cri Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth ttenden and Thomas have made a major contribution to this with their new book. My career has been spent in the Industrial Gases industry where cost-efAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
fectiveness of separation processes is the main way of creating competitive advantage. In the last few years, adsorption technology has become increasAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth would have supplied liquefied gases. This increased commercialization of the technology stimulates further research into both the adsorbates and their applications, the virtuous circle.In Adsorption Technology and Design, we find a carefully crafted blend of theory, practice and example. The reader Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth who seeks only an overview is as well served as the experienced practitioners seeking to broaden their knowledge. Chapters 1 and 2 are an introductionAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
that allows the nonpractitioner to gain some understanding of the history and technology. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the theory of adsorption equilibAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth ecessary to allow applications development. Chapters 5 and 6 are a comprehensive description of processes and cycles and their design procedures. Here the practitioner may gain experience or inspiration to innovate. These chapters are suitable reading for both the novice and the expert. Chapter 7 is Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth the consolidation of the book. Here we see how theory is put into commercial practice. It also clearly illustrates the variety of possible approachesAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
to particular processes and the rate of development of the technology. FinallyX Forewordin Chapter 8 we have a review of available literature that isAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth es.Professor Keith Guy, FEng, FI Che tn E1The development of adsorption technology1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe ability of some solids to remove colour from solutions containing dyes has been known for over a century. Similarly, air contaminated with unpleasant odours could be rendered odourless by passage of Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth the air though a vessel containing charcoal. Although such phenomena were not well understood prior to the early twentieth century, they represent thAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
e dawning of adsorption technology which has survived as a means of purifying and separating both gases and liquids to the present day. Indeed, the suAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth ation and absorption.Attempts at understanding how solutions containing dyes could be bleached, or how obnoxious smells could be removed from air streams, led to quantitative measurements of the concentration of adsorbable components in gases and liquids before and after treatment with the solid use Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth d for such purposes. The classical experiments of several scientists including Brunauer, Emmett and Teller, McBain and Bakr, Langmuir, and later by BaAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
rrer, all in the early part of the twentieth century, shed light on the manner in which solids removed contaminants from gases and liquids. As a resulAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth t became clear, for example, that the observed effects were best achieved with porous solids and that adsorption is the result of interactive forces of physical attraction between the surface of porous solids and component molecules being removed from the bulk phase. Thus adsorption is the accumulat Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth ion of concentration at a surface (as opposed to absorption which is the accumulation of concentration within the bulk of a solid or liquid).The kinetAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
ic theory of gases, developed quantitatively and independently by both Maxwell and Boltzmann in the nineteenth century, with further developments in tAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth }’/j, where p is the gas pressure and M is its molecular mass. As discussed later (Chapter 4), according to the kinetic theory of gases the rate of adsorption of nitrogen at ambient temperature and 6 bar pressure is 2 X 104 kg m-2s-1. At atmospheric pressure this would translate to 0.33 X 104kgm“2s” Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth 1. Ostensibly then, rates of adsorption are extremely rapid. Even accounting for the fact that adsorbate molecules require an energy somewhat greaterAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
than their heat of liquefaction (q.v. Chapter 3) the above quoted rates would only be reduced by a factor exp(—EatRfT)-. if Ea, the energy required foAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth than this by a factor of at least KT10 for several reasons, principally the resistance offered by mass transfer from the bulk fluid to the surface of the porous solid and intraparticle diffusion through the porous structure of the adsorbent. Such transport resistances are discussed more fully in Ch Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth apter 4.Industrial applications of adsorbents became common practice following the widespread use of charcoal for decolourizing liquids and, in particAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
ular, its use in gas masks during the 1914-18 World War for the protection of military personnel from poisonous gases. Adsorbents for the drying of gaAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth and waxes; activated charcoal was employed for the recovery' of solvents, the elimination of odours and the purification of air and industrial gases; fuller’s earth and magnesia were found to be active in adsorbing contaminants of petroleum fractions and oils, fats and waxes; base exchanging silica Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth tes were used for w-ater treatment while some chars were capable of recovering precious metals. Finally, some activated carbons were used in medical aAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
pplications to eliminate bacteria and other toxins. Equipment for such tasks included both hatch and continuous flow configurations, the important conAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth he development of adsorption technology 31.2 EARLY COMMERCIAL PRACTICEFull details of early commercial practice can be found in the writings of Mantell (1951). The oil industry used naturally occurring clays to refine oils and fats as long ago as the birth of that industry in the early part of the t Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth wentieth century. Clay minerals for removing grease from woollen materials (known as the practice of fulling) were used extensively. The mineral cameAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
to be known as fuller’s earth. Its composition consists chiefly of silica with lower amounts of alumina, ferric oxide and potassium (analysed as the oAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth so used for bleaching oils and petroleum spirits. Two methods were in common use for decolouring oil and petroleum products: the oil could be percolated through a bed of granular clay or it could be directly contacted and agitated with the clay mineral. The oil or lubricant to be bleached was first Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth treated with sulphuric acid and a little clay, filtered and subsequently run into mixing agitators containing the adsorbent clay and which decolourizeAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
d the lubricant after a sufficiently long contact time (of the order of one to three minutes) and at a suitable temperature (usually about 6O-65°C).AnAdsorption Technology and Designby vv. J. Thomas, Barry Crittenden•ISBN: 0750619597•Pub. Date: April 1998•Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Boo Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth zing residual oil stocks. Another form of aluminium oxide mineral is florite which adsorbs water rapidly and does not swell or disintegrate in water. Consequently, it was, and still is, used for the drying of gases and organic liquids. The early practice was to utilize beds of florite at room temper Adsorption Technology Design-Butterworth ature through which was pumped the organic liquid containing moisture. Reactivation of the bed was accomplished by applying a vacuum and heating by meAdsorption Technology Design-Butterworth
ans of steam coils located within the bed. Alternatively, the beds were reactivated by circulating an inert gas through the adsorbent, the desorbed waGọi ngay
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