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PrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii e. Water insoluble polyesters are synthesized by a wide range of different prokaryotic microorganisms including eubacteria and archaea mostly as intracellular storage compounds for energy and carbon. They represent a rather complex class consisting of a large number of different hydroxyalkanoic acid http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii s and are generally referred to as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Water insoluble polyesters are also synthesized by plants as structural components ofhttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
the cuticle that covers the aerial parts of plants. Eukaryotic microorganisms and animals are not capable of synthesizing water insoluble polyesters; PrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii sess interesting properties. They are biodegradable and biocompatible and exhibit physical and material properties making them suitable for various technical applications in industry, agriculture, medicine, pharmacy and some other areas. The microbial polyesters can be produced easily by means of we http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii ll-known fermentation processes from renewable and fossil resources and even from potentially toxic waste products. However, the price of PHAs is rathhttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
er high compared with conventional synthetic polymers. If we want to use these biopolymers, it is necessary to improve the economic viability of produPrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii ical, biochemical and genetic basis for the biosynthesis and biodegradation of these polyesters and also in developing effective process regimes. Novel applications have been found. The synthesis and intracellular as well as extracellular depolymerization of these polyesters are now understood quite http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii well. The genes encoding the enzymes of the pathways or structural proteins attached to the PHA granules in bacteria have been cloned and characterizhttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
ed from many bacteria. The availability of this knowledge has contributed significantly to establishing new processes for the production of PHAs by mePrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii by transgenic plants has come about, too, and in addition to the in vivo synthesis, purified enzymes are used to prepare this type of polyester in vitro.This issue of Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology presents 10 chapters dealing with different aspects of polyesters from microorganis http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii msVIIIPrefaceand plants, the biochemistry and molecular biology of the synthesis and degradation as well as the technical production and applicationshttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
of these polyesters. It provides the state-of-the-art knowlegde in this rather rapidly developing, exciting and promising area.The volume editors are PrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii einbuchelPolyesters in Higher PlantsPappachan E. KolattukudyThe Ohio State University, 206 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus OH 43210, USA E-mail: Kolatiukudy.2@osu.eduPolyesters occur in higher plants as the structural component of the cuticle that covers the aerial parts of plants. This in http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii soluble polymer, called cutin, attached to the epidermal cell walls is composed of interesterified hydroxy and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids. The most comhttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
mon chief monomers are 10,16-dihydroxy c16 acid, 18-hydroxy-9,10 epoxy c18 acid, and 9,10,18-trihydroxy C|8 acid. These monomers are produced in the ePrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii mer acyl groups are transferred to hydroxyl groups in the growing polymer at the extracellular location. The other type of polyester found in the plants is suberin, a polymeric material deposited in the cell walls of a layer or two of cells when a plant needs to erect a barrier as a result of physic http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii al or biological stress from the environment, or during development. Suberin is composed of aromatic domains derived from cinnamic acid, and aliphatichttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
polyester domains derived from c16 and cl8 cellular fatty acids and their elongation products. The polyesters can be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase PrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii he polyester in plants is as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment, including pathogens. Transcriptional regulation of cutinase gene in fungal pathogens is being elucidated at a molecular level. The polyesters present in agricultural waste may be http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii used to produce high value polymers, and genetic engineering might be used to produce large quantities of such polymers in plants.Keywords. Cutin, Subhttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
erin, Hydroxy fatty acid, Epoxy fatty acid, Dicarboxylic acid1Occurrence ................................................. 32Isolation of Plant PolyesPrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii .............. 65Structure of the Polymer Cutin............................... 96Suberin Composition ........................................ 137Structure of Suberin........................................ 148Biosynthesis of Cutin ...................................... 168.1Cutin Monomers .......... http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii ................................... 168.1.1Biosynthesis of the cl6 Familyof Cutin Acids............... 16Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Riotechnnhttp:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii
lnov. Vol 712P.E. Kolattukudy8.1.2Biosynthesis of the C]8 Family of Cutin Acids................. 188.2Synthesis of the Polymer from Monomers..........PrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractive http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii 9.2Incorporation of the Aliphatic Components into thePolymer ... 259.3Enzymatic Polymerization of the Aromatic Components of Suberin 2510Cutin Degradation ............................................ 26 http:link springer delinkserviceseries0010papers107110710vii PrefaceLiving systems synthesize seven classes of polymers. Some of them, for instance water insoluble polyesters, have become commercially attractiveGọi ngay
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