Designing a qualitative study
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Designing a qualitative study
07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study design (most of which focus on quantitative research) have understood “design" in one of I wo ways. Sonic lake designs to lx- fixed, standard arrangements of research conditions and methods that have their own coherence and logic, as possible answers Io the question, “what research design are you us Designing a qualitative study ing?" (e.g., Campbell & Stanley, 1967). For example, a randomized, double-blind experiment is one research design; an interrupted limeseries design isDesigning a qualitative study
another. Beyond such broad categories as ethnographies, qualitative interview studies, and case studies (which often overlap), qualitative research l07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study he study, and by themselves do little to clarify the actual functioning and interrelationship of the component parts of a design.Other models present design as a logical progression of stages or tasks, from problem formulation to the generation of conclusions or theory, that are necessary in plannin Designing a qualitative study g or carrying out a study (e.g., Creswell, 1997; Marshall & Rossman, 1999). Such models usually resemble a flowchart with a clear starting point and gDesigning a qualitative study
oal and a specified order for doing the intermediate tasks. Although some versions of this approach are circular or iterative (see, e.g., Bickman & Ro07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study ectional sequences of steps that represent what is seen as the optimal order for conceptualizing or conducting the different components or activities of a study.Neither of these models adequately represents the logic and process of qualitative research. In a qualitative study, "research design shoul Designing a qualitative study d be a reflexive process operating through every stage of a project" (Hammersley & Atkinson, 1995, p. 24);21407-Bi.cKman-4*j636:07-Bickman-4!>636 7/28Designing a qualitative study
/2008 6i 13 /H Page 21í>https://khothuvien.cori!Designing a Qualitative Study 215the activities of collecting and analyzing data, developing and modif07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study ultaneously, each influencing all of the others. In addition, the researcher may need to reconsider or modify any design decision during the study in response to new developments or to changes in some Other aspect of the design. Grady and Wallston (1988) argue that applied research in general requir Designing a qualitative study es a flexible, nonsequential approach and “an entirely different model of the research process than the traditional one offered in most textbooks’* (pDesigning a qualitative study
. 10).This does not mean that qualitative research lacks design; as Yin (1994) says, “Every type of empirical research has an implicit, if not explici07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study xl alxive. Thus, Becker, Geer, Hughes, and Strauss (1961), authors of a classic qualitative study of medical students, begin their chapter tilled “Design of the study" by staling,In one sense, our study had no design. Ihal is, we had no well-worked-out set of hypotheses to be tested, no dala-galheri Designing a qualitative study ng instruments purposely designed to secure information relevant to these hypotheses, no set of analytic procedures specified in advance. Insofar as tDesigning a qualitative study
he term “design" implies these features of elaborate prior planning, our study had none.If we take the idea of design in a larger and looser sense, us07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study scribing our original view of the problem, our theoretical and methodological commitments, and the way these affected our research and were affected by it as we proceeded. (p. 17)For these reasons, the model of design that I present here, which I call an interactive model, consists of the components Designing a qualitative study of a research study and the ways in which these components may affect and be affected by one another. It does not presuppose any particular order forDesigning a qualitative study
these components, or any necessary directionality of influence.The model thus resembles the more general definition of design employed outside resear07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study (Frederick et al., 1993). A good design, one in which the components work harmoniously together, promotes efficient and successful functioning; a Hawed design leads to poor operation or failure.Traditional (typological or linear) approaches to design provide a model for conducting the research—a pr Designing a qualitative study escriptive guide that arranges the components or tasks involved in planning or conducting a study in what is seen as an optimal order. In contrast, thDesigning a qualitative study
e model presented in this chapter is a model of AS well as for research. It is intended to help you understand the actual structure of your study as w07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study action or plan. Borrowing07-Bictanan-45636:07-Bickman-4,j636396570,259027777777778Page 216216 APPLIED RESEARCH DESIGNSKaplans (1964, p. 8) distinction between the "logic-in-use” and "reconstructed logic" of research, this model can be used to represent the "design-in-use" of a study, the actual rela Designing a qualitative study tionships among the components of the research, as well as the intended (or reconstructed) design (Maxwell & Loomis, 2002).This model of research desiDesigning a qualitative study
gn has five components, each of which addresses a different set of issues that are essential to the coherence of a study:1.Goals: Why is your study wo07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study and why should we care about the results?2.Conceptual framework what do you think is going on with the issues, set tings, or people you plan to study? What theories, beliefs, and prior research find ings will guide or inform your research, and what literature, preliminary studies, and personal expe Designing a qualitative study riences will you draw on for understanding the people or issues you are studying?3.Research questions: what, specifically, do you want to learn or undDesigning a qualitative study
erstand by doing this study? what do you not know alxiut the things you are studying that you want to learn? what questions will your research attempt07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study hniques will you use to collect and analyze your data, and how do these constitute an integrated strategy?5.Validity. How might your results and conclusions be wrong? what are the plausible alternative interpretations and validity threats Io these, and how will you deal with these? How can the data Designing a qualitative study that you have, or that you could potentially collect, support or challenge your ideas about what’s going on? Why should we believe your results?I haveDesigning a qualitative study
not identified ethics as a separate component of research design. This isn’t because I don’t think ethics is important for qualitative design; on the07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study 0; Fine, Weis, Weseen, & Wong, 2000). Instead, it is because I believe that ethical concerns should be involved in CWQ'aspect of design. I have particularly tried to address these concerns in relation to methods, but they are also relevant to your goals, the selection of your research questions, val Designing a qualitative study idity concerns, and the critical assessment of your conceptual framework.These components are not substantially different from the ones presented in mDesigning a qualitative study
any other discussions of qualitative or applied research design (e.g., LeCompte & Preissle, 1993; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Miles & Huberman, 1994; Robson07-Blckman-45636:07-Bíckman-4'j636 7/28/2008 6;13/qH Page 214CHAPTER 7Designing a Qualitative StudyJoseph A. MaxwellTraditionally, works on research d Designing a qualitative study an integrated and interacting whole, with each component closely tied to several others, rather than being linked in a linear or cyclic sequence. The most important relationships among these five components are displayed in Figure 7.1.07-Bickman-4t>636:07-Blc>un.in-4!>636 7/28/2008 6:13Page 217Desig Designing a qualitative study ning a Qualitative study 217Gọi ngay
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