Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
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Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
Running Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneoward c. NusbaumDepartment of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA*Corresponding Author 5848 s. University Ave. B406 Chicago, IL 60637Total Word Count (excluding abstract, captions, and references): 10,809© 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the Elsevier us Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneer license http://www.clsevier.eom/open-access/userlioensc/l.0/Enhanced Pitch Memory, 2AbstractMany individuals are able to perceive when the tuning oEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
f familiar stimuli, such as popular music recordings, has been altered. This suggests a kind of ubiquitous pitch memory, though it is unclear how thisRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneof a salient single frequency - the 1000 Hz sine tone used to censor taboo words in broadcast media - to assess the nature of this kind of pitch memory across Individuals with and without AP. We show that non-AP participants are accurate at selecting the correct version of the censor tone among inco Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonerrect versions shifted by either one or two semitones, though their accuracy was still below that of an AP population (Experiment 1). This suggests aEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
benefit for AP listeners that could be due to the use of explicit note categories or greater amounts of musical training. However, AP possessors stillRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonel experience (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 demonstrated that AP listeners did not appear to possess a category label for the censor tone that could have helped them differentiate the censor tones used in Experiment 2. Overall, these results suggest that AP possessors may have better pitch memory, eve Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonen when divorced from pitch labeling (note categories). As such, these results have implications for how AP may develop and be maintained.Keywords: absEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
olute pitch; auditor}' memory; expertise; memory precisionEnhanced Pitch Memory, 31. IntroductionAbsolute pitch (AP) is defined as the ability to explRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone of AP, along with the notion that AP is dichotomous (one either possesses AP or does not), have been central points of debate over the past century of research. In terms of Occurrence, AP is often cited as manifesting in every one in 10,000 individuals (Rachem, 1955; Prolila & Ridder, 1988), though Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone this estimate does not have strong empirical support, and there are likely several important factors in determining the true rate at which AP occurs.Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
For example, there appear to be large cultural differences in the occurrence of AP. Miyazaki, Makomaska, and Rakowski (2012) reported that 30% of JapRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone AP prevalence between students at music conservatories in the United States versus China, with the latter group demonstrating superior absolute pitch performance (e.g., Deutsch, Henthorn, Marvin, & Xu, 2006), likely due to differential early experience with a tonal language (e.g., Deutsch, Dooley, Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneHenlhorn, & Head, 2009).Moreover, the use of terms like "true AP" highlights the (act that some individuals may display AP-like ability, even if theyEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
are not able to identify or produce musical notes with sufficient speed and accuracy as lo be classified as a "true" AP possessor. Despite the variabiRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tones et al., 2007; though see Bachcm, 1937; as well asEnhanced Pitch Memory, 4Bermudez & Zatorre, 2009). Thus, while recent research has begun to reevaluate the rarity and dichotomy of AP, these are still common terms used to describe the ability.Despite the putative rarity and dichotomy of the ability Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone to explicitly name or produce an isolated musical note, an increasing amount of research supports the Idea that many people have some absolute pitchEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
memory, even if they cannot explicitly label an isolated pitch with its musical note name. This more widespread pitch memory allows individuals to corRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone Trehub, 2003; Schellenberg & Trehub, 2008; Terhardt & Seewann, 1983), and to identify a correctly-pitched version of certain non-musical items, such as a landline dial tone (Smith & Schmuckler, 2008). In some extreme circumstances, this pitch memory may even allow an individual to remember and repr Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneoduce a single pitch - after hearing a number of Interfering tones - even if they cannot explicitly label the to-be-remembered pitch, which Is generalEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
ly thought to not be possible without the aid of an explicit label (Ross, Olson, & Gore, 2003).This general kind of pitch memory, which does not requiRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneility, with the second step being the ability to apply an explicit musical note label to pitch information (Levitin & Rogers, 2005). Evidence of widespread pitch memory has led researchers to suggest that the general ability to form long-term pitch memories might be normally distributed in the popul Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneation, with true AP only being differentiated by the explicitEnhanced Pitch Memory, 5ability to apply a long-term note category to pitches (SchellenbeEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
rg & Trehub, 2003). Moreover, while it has been assumed that this more general pitch memory necessarily requires extensive experience with hearing stiRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonend of pitch memory can be reliably established even after a single exposure (Schellenberg & Habashl, 2015;Schellenberg, Stallnskl, & Marks, 2014)If true AP is distinguished through the explicit knowledge of note categories, then it is possible that AP possessors might not show any enhancements in ge Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneneral pitch processing or pitch memory precision compared to non-AP possessors. In line with this reasoning, previous research has found that AP posseEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
ssors are not particularly "gifted" when it comes to basic auditory processing abilities. AP possessors do not have an enhanced ability to resolve freRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonenot likely related to AP. Moreover, while AP possessors appear to have better long-term memory for pitch compared to non-AP possessors (e.g., Rakowski & Morawska-Bungeler, 1987), it has been suggested that this is not because AP possessors are better at remembering the "sound of a tone,” but rather Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonebecause they can identify the tone by its note name and remember this in long-term memory (Takeuchi & Hulse, 1993, p.354). This argument Is supportedEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
by a number of empirical observations. For example, In a task where participants had to judge which of two tones was higher after varying delays betweRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneference between the two tones was within a note categoiy (e.g., if both tones would be classified as "C"). This suggests that AP possessors outperform non-AP possessors on such pitch memory tasks because they can remember a categoiy label, not because they remember the fine-grained details of the pi Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tonetch. In production, AP possessors are biased In their reproduction of mistuned pitches, such that they are more likely to produce a pitch that conformEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
s to an In-tune note, particularly with longer Intervals between hearing the note and producing the note (Hutchins, Hutka, & Moreno, 2015). To be cleaRunning Head: ENHANCED PITCH MEMORYWhat the [bleep]? Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000 Hz sine toneStephen c. Van Hedger* Shannon L.M. HealdHo Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneifference in longterm pitch memory between AP and non-AP possessors, at least when the pitches cannot be differentiated at the note category level. The difference between these groups Is presumably in the knowledge of the note labels that correspond to musical pitches.Therefore, If AP Is differentia Enhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine toneted from non-AP not through enhancements In auditor}' processing or perceptual memory, but rather through the availability of explicit category labelsEnhanced absolute pitch memory for a 1000hz sine tone
, then one might predict that more general measures of pitch memory (e.g., identifying a correctly tuned version of the theme to “The X-Files”) mightGọi ngay
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