Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
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Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
htmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)L EXPERIENCEM.J. PasqualettiDepartment of Geography, Arizona Stale University. Tempe, AZ 85281. U.S.A.(Received 29 May 1979)Abstract—The conflict between energy supply and the environment is one of the critical issues of our time, and geothermal energy, often touted as plentiful and environmentally Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)benign, has received a measure of attention as one possible answer to the problem. Some environmental issues, however, have been encountered during thGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
e developnient of the world's geothermal resources and these have had an impact on the speed of development. The environmental problems at each of thehtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3), subsidence, water pollution, induced seismicity, blowouts, and noise, and every country has encountered some difficulty wit hone or more of these problems Development plans have been slowed by environmental concerns in some countries. In the U.S.A., this problem has been the emission of hydrogen s Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)ulfide, in Japan, land Use in national parks plus waste-waler disposal: in FJ Salvador, waste-water disposal. Other environmental impacts which have nGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
ot had an appreciable effect on development plans include: waste-water disposal and subsidence in New Zealand, land use and air pollution in Mexico. Ihtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)ulties at the operating power stations around the world have been minor compared to the actual disasters that have befallen other processes of generating electricity. Even the potential environmental hazard of geothermal energy development is much less. It cannot be compared to a massive oil spill, Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)a strip mine, or a radiation leak Nevertheless, geothermal development faces an array of rules and regulations which, in view1 of world-wide environmeGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
ntal experience, need not be so strict. Regulation IS particularly tight in tile United States, a country which would, with appropriately relaxed conthtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)ins mired in a role of insignificant contribution.INTRODUCTIONWithin the past ten years we have become most clearly aware of the finite nature of two commodities, energy resources and environmental quality. During that time it has become increasingly apparent that not only is there an “energy crisis Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)” but there is also an “energy and environment crises”. No step in the development of energy resources is free of environmental impact, and no actionGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
on behalf of the environment is without energy implications. Individually each topic touches our daily lives. Collectively there may be no more centrahtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)nvironmentally benign, one which removes US from the painful position of choosing in favor of one need at the expense of the other. In the search for such a source of power geothermal energy has received a share of attention.Although geothermal resources have been known and utilized in various forms Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3) for thousands of years, their use for the generation of electricity or even for large-scale direct applications such as space conditioning has been sGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
mall and little noted. Rising costs of fossil fuels and the claim of a relatively small environmental impact from geothermal development have lately shtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)nd use of the resource, especially in the United States.With new developments being proposed, the need for a global sharing of environmental experience and solutions becomes apparent and meaningful. Such exchange can allay apprehensions while sensitizing responses in areas of appropriate concern. In Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3) theory, at least, this should render the decision-making process everywhere speedier and more commensurate with the facts.Applicable data have been aGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
ccumulating rapidly and we are now at a point where the112M. J. Pasquale™and evaluate the actual operational environmental experience of the world’s ghtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)mpacts may vary with differences in local environmental sensitivities, reservoir characteristics, bureaucratic procedures, and long-term cultural heritage, but it appears that most countries face similar environmental problems in developing their geothermal resources. Clearly, these problems are not Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3) mutually exclusive, but for purposes of presentation they have been categorized as follows: land use, air pollution, subsidence, water pollution, indGeothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
uced seismicity, blowouts, and noise.The order of presentation of course has been largely subjective. The topic of land use is placed first because, ihtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)to introduce each geothermal area. The subsequent placement of air pollution is a function of the emphasis it has received. Subsidence, water pollution, and induced seismicity are tied together by considerations of reinjection. Blowouts and noise are generally lesser problems. One will note that iss Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)ues of societal impact are not mentioned. This should not be construed as a deletion for lack of significance but rather a reflection of sparse data.Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
Partially filling this void a new book* on geothermal development in California considers many socio-economic issues.Table 1. Summary of operating geohtmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4 Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)". U.S. Dept, of Energy Contract EY-76-S 02-4051.AMI, Report No. CAT.MEC/21. Brown University, Draft, Revision I.Year of Capacity/Country/Plant Sitestart-upMw TotalsEl Salvador30.0 30.060 S'Ahuachapan. Unit 1 Ahuachapan, Unit 21975 1976IcelandNsnafjall196933.0 MmItaly(Boraciferous region)Lardcrello Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)2 (5 units)--69Lardcrello 3 (6 units)1969120Gabbro196915Castelnuovo Y-C. (4 units)50Serrazzano (5 units)47Lago 2 (3 units)33. sSasso Pisano (2 units)1Geothermal energy and the environment the global experience (3)
5.7Monterotondo12.5420.6 f-vSant’ Ippolito-Vailonsordo19720.9htmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4htmr< Vol. 5. tt 111-145Ỉ: p«rp>su>n p»r* I hi . 1 Prwied m GreM Br.tfflnnw-’4Gọi ngay
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