The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
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The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman WorldIntroduction31.The Temple of Isis in Pompeii and its Decoration122.The Myth of Io in Greek and Roman Literature and the Presence of Io in RomanSociety283.Io, Isis and their Appeal to Women50Conclusion59Appendix62Bibliography67IntroductionReligion was ubiquitous in the Ancient World; any plac e that The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwas once a pari OÍ (he Roman Empire was saturated with it. A person's belief was integral to their own self and many times to Ills other stale. ThereThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
were culls to ensure that (he most minute aspects ol daily life would run smoothly. They included important cults for the emperor and his predec essorThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worlduld not l>e divined, and if they lost it was because they did not perform a religious ritual correctly, 01 somehow angered a god in the pui-suit of battle. However, these cults could be rather impersonal and people began to desire more from their religion. Many people began to prefer a ■‘mystery cul The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldt” to (he state sanctioned cults. In the Hellenistic period the Greeks began to develop a greater interest in cults that emphasized ritual purity andThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
initiation as a prerequisite before one could become a member. This also suggests that people were interested in a kind of religion that required moreThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldd. Later on she was also the consort of Sarapis, whom seems to have been invented to unite aspects of Greek and Egyptian religion and is seen as a completely separate divinity from Osiris, even if he lakes on many of the same attributes.1 2 rhe Greek Ptolemaic kings of Egypt developed the god Sarapi The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worlds. Iheir rule brought a “slate-induced Hellenization” of the most important gods in the country? Isis is also the mother of 1 lotus, who cvciy pharaohThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
was drought to personify in Iris rule on earth. Her familial relations already pul her into a position of power in the Egyptian pantheon; she was a cThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldd Sarapis in the Homan World (Leiden 1993) 28. “Sarapis, the great god of Alexandria, took on attributes of Isis' oiigin.ll consort Osiris. Although Sarapis became rhe addressee nt prayers and recipient of votive offerings, appeared together with Isis on monuments, and was named in connection with t The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldhe royal family, he did nor dislodge Osiris in the context of myth and ritual.” His name is also sometimes spelled Serapis.2Ibid. 28.wandered the landThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
searching for his body. Seth had dismembered Osiris into fourteen parts and spread them throughout the land. She found all pans of his body except onThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldthin the sanctuary of Asclepius.4 Asclepius was the most important god of healing in the ancient world. In mythology both were thought to be able to bring people back from the dead, but Asclepius was killed for doing this by the gods, while Isis was immortal and considered one of the most powerful d The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldeities. Having the power to bring someone back from the dead and in essence, give a “new life".5 6 7Her followers saw Isis as one of the most powerfulThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
goddesses; she was known and worshiped as a mother, a sister, a grieving wife, and was connected to the idea of resurrection and rebirth. Her followeThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worlden known as the great thousand-named, universal goddess who had conquered death. ■ She was known as the “mother of all pharaohs.”8 In many ways she seemed perfect to many Egyptians: “In legend Isis showed herself the ideal wife, characterized by her complete love of and devotion to Osiris, and the i The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worlddeal mother in her relationship with Homs, also known as Harpocrates; the three formed a model family, the object of Egyptian admiration.”9The cult ofThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
Isis spread to the Greek world during the Hellenistic period after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and later spread to the Roman world inThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldiris and then threw him in the river. Isis had found the body of Osiris and brought it back, but Seth found it and dismembered him, scattering his body pans throughout the land.” Technically however, he is still with the dead. When they say eternal life. It might be safer to assume that it was not l The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldike the Christian resurrection of Jesus, but mote like Hades.4Walter Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults, (Harvard University Press 1987) 15.5Ibid. 18.6H.The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
s. Versnel. Ter Units: Isis. Dionysus, Hermes- Three Studies In Henotheism (E. J. Brill 1990) 47.7Giovanni Casadio and Patricia A. Johnston, Mystic CuThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World975) 26. She is also known for inventing spinning and weaving, she was a healer (even bringing Osiris back from the dead) and was a sorceress.9Heyob 1 It is also interesting to note that she kept this love for Osiris even after finding out about his affair with her sister (and his sister) Nephthys a The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldnd even took on the son from that union (Anubis) as her guardian and attendant. (Heyob 41)10As Heyob notes, by the second and first centuries BCE numeThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
rous inscriptions from Boeotia, Phocis, the Peloponnesus, Euboea, Epirus, Thessaly, Thrace, Macedonia, Rhodes and the islands of the Aegean and the ciThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldof Delos. In 214 BCE the cult was introduced to Sicily. Delos had economic ties with Southern Italy and traders brought these cults to the various regions they were trading and traveling in.11 The cult first came to the region of Campania in Southern Italy and later would spread to the rest of Italy The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World and its western provinces, most likely because of the Italian traders, merchants, military men and native Egyptians who traveled through the variousThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
regions. Il generally grew in the urban areas such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, Naples, and Stabiae.1' During the years of 59, 58,53, 50, and 48 BCE the cThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World different cults' involvement in the Roman political sphere. Since the mystery cults had secret rituals and would sometimes meet at night, some Roman officials thought they were conspiring against the government. This is most noticeable in 186 BCE when the Roman Senate outlawed the cult of Bacchus?4 The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World However, the will of the people reigned supreme, and the cult of Isis was never completely abolished. In the imperia) period (27 BCE-285 CE) the cultThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
of Isis gained such a large number of worshipers that her cult became one of the most popular cults in the Roman Empire. In the beginning, Augustus hThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worlded the cult from the city of Rome after scandal erupted?6 One of * 11 12 13 14 15 16to the spread of (he cult in (he eastern Mediterranean^).11Takacs29.12Heyob 11-14.13Ibid. 18.14Ibid. IS.15When Mark Antony was having his affair with Cleopatra and living In Egypt, he began to be closer (0 (he Egypti The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldan cults (it Is Important to note that (he Egyptian cults of Isis and the Hellenistic and Roman cults were different, but the god or goddess being worThe Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman World
shiped were many times lumped into the same category), Octavian was becoming increasingly hostile towards them and things Egyptian, “Octavian was now The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldwritten by: Maura Kudronowicz adviser: Professor Marc KleijwegtTable of ContentsI The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldn to Roman values, including (he old religions. Mystery cults were too new and foreign to be consideied a Roman entity and portraying Roman values. G. w. Bowersock "The Pontificate of Augustus” in Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (University of California P The Cult of Isis and the Appeal of Suffering in the Greco-Roman Worldress 1990) 382discusses Augustus's own involvement in various religious roles.Gọi ngay
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