A theory of behavioral contrast
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A theory of behavioral contrast
Running head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast following article:Killeen, p. R. (2014). A theory of behavioral contrast. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 702(102). 3. doi: 10.1002/jeab.107which has been published in final form at http7/is gd/3CK8y5 .Killeen@asu.eduRurming head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST2AbstractHie rciriforccrs llial A theory of behavioral contrast mamlain target mslnimciilal responses also reinforce other responses that compete with them for expression. This competition, and its imbalance at poiA theory of behavioral contrast
nts of transition between different schedules of reinforcement, causes behavioral contrast. The imbalance is caused by differences in the rates at whiRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast pling coefficient ofMPR (Killeen. 1994). The coupling coefficient gives the degree of association of a reinforcer with the target response relative to other competing responses. Competing responses, often identified as interim or adjunctive 01 superstitious behavior, are intrinsic to reinforcement s A theory of behavioral contrast chedules, especially interval schedules. In addition to that base-rate of competition, additional competing responses may spill over from the prior coA theory of behavioral contrast
mponent, causing initial contrast: and they may be modulated by conditioned reinforcement or punishment fiom stimuli associated with subsequent componRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast ial contrast, and (b) a competing traces model of the suppression or enhancement of ongoing competitive responses by signals of following-schedule transition. The theory was applied to transient contrast. the following schedule effect, and the component duration effect.Keywords: Behavioral contrast, A theory of behavioral contrast compering responses. \fPRKilleen Page 3A Theory of Behavioral ContrastAction at a distance IS a bête noire for many scientists who spend then careersA theory of behavioral contrast
seeking mechanisms to mediate events that are disjoint in space or time The young Newton disavowed recourse to unobservable hypothetical constructs (Running head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast hat he did not make hypotheses [about the mechanism] He retreated, not from (he construct, but from the demand to reify it. General relativity eventually provided a mechanism in the warping of space aroiuid massive bodies. Physicists discarded the luminiferous ether, but installed electromagnetic fi A theory of behavioral contrast elds 111 its place. Feynman labored to lid physics of fields as anything other (han book-keeping formulations (Mehra, 1994), but in (he end he failedA theory of behavioral contrast
The experimental validation of the Higgs field was recently greeted with universal applause. Nature, apparently, abhors a vacuum.Action at a distance Running head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast ced slices of the future control present behavior—a question of mechanism—is seldom discussed. Instead equations are cast, much as Newtons were: hyperbolae are analyzed while hypotheses are avoided. A similar issue arises 111 control by the past—how is a “history of reinforcement” embodied? Answers A theory of behavioral contrast to these questions have been hypostatized; as have assertions that the questions are irrelevant (Baum. 2005. 2012; Rachlin. 1978. 1988; Staddon. 1973;A theory of behavioral contrast
Tonneau. 2013).Behavioral contrast provides a striking example of strong effects on behavior caused byevents situated at other tunes. It occurs when Running head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast ge 4another context of reinforcement. Tire typical case is a multiple schedule in which two or more different contexts signaled by discriminative stimuli alternate. If reinforcement frequency is decreased in one schedule, response tales increase in the other.yĩxứ/. schedule, the one of interest (pos A theory of behavioral contrast itive contrast). C onversely, if reinforcement frequency is increased in the alternate (ALT) component, response rates decrease in the focal componentA theory of behavioral contrast
(negative contrast). Over 400 articles containing the phrase behavioral contrast have appeared in this journal since Reynolds (1961) introduced the tRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast cy of reinforcement in the alternate component, and not on the behavior that those control (Bloomfield. 1967: Halliday & Boakes. 1971; Williams. 1980). Inevitably, mathematical models of the effect were developed (Dougan. McSweeney. & Farmer-Dougan. 1986; Herrnstein, 1970; McLean & White. 1983; Will A theory of behavioral contrast iams & Wixted. 1986). These models generally included free constants that were sometimes identified with hypothetical variables, such as alternate reiA theory of behavioral contrast
nforcers, but little attention lias been paid to measuring stimuli or responses associated with those constructs. or how they might bridge the temporaRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast ld to underlie contrast. In this paper then hypothetical mechanism IS combined with some of the models of the above authors for a new theoiy of contrast and its mechanisms.Reinforcement Inhibition as a Cause of ContrastMcSweeney (1987) argued that multiple-schedule behavioral contrast occurs because A theory of behavioral contrast delayed reinforcement suppresses behavior In particular, reinforcers strengthen behavior that they follow immediately, and suppress behavior that theA theory of behavioral contrast
y follow at a delay. Any reinforcers in the subsequent component follow the behavior 111 the focal component at a delay, and thus they suppress It. IfRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast a lower rate, the suppression is decreased (from that indigenous to the focal component), and positive contrast is seen. Catania (1973) has also made the case for the inhibitory effects of reinforcement, whereas Donahoe and Palmer (1988) questioned the necessity of the concept of inhibition beyond s A theory of behavioral contrast horthand for the effects of competition.McSweeney (1987) arrayed a large variety of evidence that supported suppression by reinforcement as the causeA theory of behavioral contrast
of contrast. She noted that the mechanism of suppression was not resolved, but one candidate was behavioral competition. At that point, over 25 years Running head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast ument for response competition as the mechanism, and a first pass at quantitative detail.Behavioral Competition as the Mechanism of ContrastHinson and Staddon (1978) argued that interim (adjunctive) behavior competed with the target response (lever-pressing or key-pecking) and thereby decreased Its A theory of behavioral contrast rate of emission. When the focal component alternated with extinction, the interim behaviors had an opportunity for expression in the extinction compoA theory of behavioral contrast
nent without competing with the target response Tills moved them out of the focal component, releasing the target responses from competition. Then hypRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast , has the inverse effects on competition in the focal component It is in that sense a hydraulic model The motivational hypothesis is consistent with Staddon’s conception OẾ' interim behaviors voiced elsewhere (e.g.. Staddon. 1977b) But there are problems with this hydraulic model, such as the failur A theory of behavioral contrast e to see a change in contrast when the alternate component is switched from VI to signaled VI. the latter leaving ample time for the proposed mtei nilA theory of behavioral contrast
activity to occur, thus reducing the need for It 111 the focalKilleen Page 6component. This reduction in competing responses should have reduced contRunning head: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST1A Theory of Behavioral ContrastPeter R KilleenArizona State UniversityThis IS the pre-peer reviewed version of the f A theory of behavioral contrast forms the basis of the present theory.Ricardo Pelion and colleagues (Killeen & Pelion. 2013: Lopez-Crespo. Rodríguez. Pelion. & Flores. 2004: Pelion & Perez-Padilla. 2013) have made a strong case that adjunctive (interim) r esponses are maintained by reinforcement—that they are operants. They are pa A theory of behavioral contrast rt of the repertoire of conditioned responses induced by sign learning, and are then enhanced by their regular relation to subsequent reinforcers. TheA theory of behavioral contrast
y may appear earlier HI the behavior stream than tar get operants such as key pecking because they have shallower, longer delay of reinforcement gr adGọi ngay
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