Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
Concern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries thz.ch/people/bernauerAbstractMany political leaders of the Global South oppose linkages between environmental standards and trade liberalization. We examine whether citizens in developing countries share this position. Whereas a recent study finds that in developed countries environmental concerns Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries are associated with protectionist sentiments, we hypothesize that citizens in poor countries are likely to view the trade-environment nexus in a moreConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
positive light. We fielded a combination of surveys and conjoint experiments in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Vietnam to test this argument. The results Concern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries o more supportive of trade liberalization. Furthermore, and in contrast to prevailing government rhetoric, the majority of respondents support environmental clauses in trade agreements. The main policy implication is that - irrespective of green protectionism rhetoric - there exists room for more am Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries bitious efforts to include environmental standards in international trade agreements.11IntroductionA closer look at the academic literature on internaConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
tional trade and the environment (e.g., Anderson 1997: Anderson and Blackhurst 1992: Bechtel et al. 2012: Bhagwati 2002: Ferrantino 1997; Franzen and Concern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries about preferences of developing countries in this regard. Political leaders from advanced industrialized countries have, over the past decades, increasingly insisted on linking environmental protection issues with trade liberalization (Bechtel and Tosun 2009; Drezner 2005; Hultberg and Barbier 2004 Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries ; Schott 2004). This insistence has led to an institutionalized debate in the World Trade Organization (Trade and Environment Committee), but has thusConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
far not resulted in any amendments of WTO agreements in this direction 1 2 (Dagne 2010; WTO Secretariat 2014).Outside the WTO. however, trade liberalConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries and agreements involve the entire WTO membership (currently 159 member states), countries are free to select any (willing) other country worldwide for an agreement. And they are de facto free to design the contents of PT As according to their preferences, as long as the new PT A does not clearly vi Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries olate WTO commitments (Mansfield and Milner 1999: 612-15; WTO 2011). The possibility to discriminate among potential PTA partner countries (which in tConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
he WTO is precluded by the most favored nation (MFN) principle) has opened the door for countries that seek to condition trade liberalization on envirConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries vironmental protection standards - according to a recent WTO count for the years 1958 to 2011, 46 out of 100 PT As include environmental provisions (WTO 2011)." The economic reasoning for such standards derives from a level playing field argument (e.g., Bernauer and Caduff 2004; Prakash and Potoski1 Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries While no amendments to the GATTAVTO agreements have been adopted, there are legal exceptions that allow members to take regulatory measures, includingConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
trade resưictions. to achieve legitimate policy objectives (e.g.. the protection of human, animal or plant life and health, and natural resources) (WConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries s for violation of environmental laws; publications of laws" (WTO 2011).22006; Vogel 1995; 1997). On the assumption that higher environmental standards increase production costs in industries producing tradable goods, producers in country A that arc subject to higher cnvữonmental standards will insi Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries st that their competitors in country B should be subject to similar standards. Whether higher environmental standards do in fact lead to comparative dConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
isadvantages, and in what industries and under what conditions this may be the case, remains contested (Jaffe et al. 1995; Mulalu cl al. 2001; Xu 1999Concern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries rade negotiations and to insist on addressing this issue in PTAs. Such industry pressure has induced governments of countries with high environmental protection standards to seek environmental clauses in PTAs with countries that have lower environmental standards (e.g.. the US and Canada vis-à-vis M Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries exico in NAFTA).The ideological motivation derives from widespread sentiments in many advanced industrialized countries that many poor countries suffeConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
r from major environmental degradation problems. Assuming that trade with these countries may worsen these problems, they believe that trade with poorConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries rds, and to prevent relocation of dirty industries from the North to the South. This is where an interesting question about potential differences between elite preferences and ordinary citizen preferences arises. Recent research on the relationship between environmental and trade preferences in adva Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries nced industrialized countries finds that citizens with greener preferences are more skeptical about trade liberalization (Bechtel cl al. 2012). With tConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
his in mind, it appears lhat governments of industrialized countries are besides being influenced by industry pressure for a level playing field - catConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries eloping countries? Not surprisingly, a statement by Laurence Summers, then al the World Bank, in a leaked email (December 12. 1991) was strongly condemned by many policymakers and NGO leaders from industrialized countries. Summers noted:ble at: https://ssm.com/abstract=2462039”... Just between you a Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries nd me. shouldn’t the World Bank be encouraging MORE migration of the dirty industries to the LDCs [Least Developed Countries]? ... The measurements ofConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
the costs of health impairing pollution depends on the foregone earnings from increased morbidity and mortality... the economic logic behind dumping Concern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries Africa are vastly CNDER-polluted. their air quality IS probably vastly inefficiently low compared to Los Angeles or Mexico City...The demand for a clean environment for aesthetic and health reasons IS likely to have very high income elasticity....Clearly trade in goods that embody aesthetic pollutio Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries n concerns could be welfare enhancing.. .The problem with the arguments against all of these proposals for more pollution in LDCs (imrinsic rights toConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
certain goods, moral reasons, social concerns, lack of adequate markets, etc.Icould be turned around and used more or less effectively against every BConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries y political and economic leaders from the Global South. These leaders have, on countless occasions, condemned what they consider green protectionism by industrialized countries. Al the 1994 GATT Marrakesh Ministerial Meeting the then-acting Minister of International Trade and Industry' of Malaysia, Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries Dato* Seri Rafidah Aziz, stated that environmental issues are being used to promote protectionist motives, particularly to keep out imports from countConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
ries that have a competitive edge and comparative advantage (Trade Negotiations Committee 1994). More recently, at the preparatory meeting of the UN CConcern for the Environment and IndividualAttitudes towards International Trade inDeveloping CountriesThomas Bernauer and Quynh Nguyenhttp://www.ib.et Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries n enabling environment for green development. We should resolutely oppose the practice of erecting “green barriers” and engaging in trade protectionism under the pretext of environmental protection." (Third World Netw ork. May 22nd 2010). In yet another example. India's Special Envoy on Climate Chan Concern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries ge, Shyam Saran. warned that doors “should not open for protectionism under [the] green label. That is something which would be a very negative develoConcern for enviroment and individual attitudes forward international trade in developing countries
pment.” (The Economic Times, March 25,h 2009).Environmental and development activists tend to interpret such statements as evidence for transnationalGọi ngay
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