Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
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Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
Thermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed our of matter and with the relationships between material properties. The origins of these laws and quantitative values for the properties are provided by statistical mechanics, which analyses the interaction of molecules and provides a detailed description of their behaviour. This book presents a u Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed nified account of equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics using entropy and its maximisation.A physical explanation of entropy based uponTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
the laws of probability is introduced. The equivalence of entropy and probability that results represents a return to the original viewpoint of BoltzThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed . The fact that entropy and probability are objective consequences of the mechanics of molecular motion provides a physical basis and a coherent conceptual framework for the two disciplines. The free energy and the other thermodynamic potentials of thermodynamics are shown simply to be the total ent Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed ropy of a subsystem and reservoir; their minimisation at equilibrium is nothing but the maximum of the entropy mandated by the second law of thermodynTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
amics and is manifest in the peaked probability distributions of statistical mechanics. A straightforward extension to nonequilibrium states by the inThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed equilibrium state.Although this book takes a different route to other texts, it shares with them the common destination of explaining material properties in terms of molecular motion. The final formulae and interrelationships are the same, although new interpretations and derivations are offered in Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed places. The reasons for taking a detour on some of the less-travel led paths of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are to view the vista from aTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
different perspective, and to seek a fresh interpretation and a renewed appreciation of well-tried and familiar results. In some cases this reveals a Thermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed the beginning and is entirely self-contained. It is also comprehensive and contains an account of all of the modern techniques that have proven useful in modern equilibrium, classical statistical mechanics. The aim has been to make the subject matter broadlyxviPREFACEaccessible to advanced students, Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed whilst at the same time providing a reference text for graduate scholars and research scientists active in the field. The later chapters deal with moTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
re advanced applications, and while their details may be followed step-by step, it may require a certain experience and sophistication to appreciate tThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed l of space is devoted to applications, approximations, and computational algorithms; thermodynamics and statistical mechanics were in the final analysis developed to describe the real world, and while their generality and universality are intellectually satisfying, it is their practical application Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed that is their ultimate justification. For this reason a certain pragmatism that seeks to convince by physical explanation rather than to convict by maTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
thematical sophistry pervades the text; after all, one person's rigor is another’s mortis.The first four chapters of the book comprise statistical theThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed modynamic relationships, free energies, and probability distributions. It is in this section that the formalism that relates each of these to entropy is introduced. The remainder of the book comprises statistical mechanics, which in the first place identifies the states as molecular configurations, Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed and shows the common case in which these have equal weight, and then goes on to derive the material thermodynamic properties in terms of the molecularTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
ones. Ill successive chapters the partition function, particle distribution functions, and system averages, as well as a number of applications, apprThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed ths of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are well-travelled and there is an extensive primary and secondary literature on various aspects of the subject. Whilst very many of the results presented in this book may be found elsewhere, the presentation and interpretation offered here represent a Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed sufficiently distinctive exposition to warrant publication. The debt to the existing literature is only partially reflected in the list of referencesTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
: these in general were selected to suggest alternative presentations, or further, more detailed, reading material, or as the original source of more Thermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed the book self-contained.At a more personal level, I acknowledge a deep debt to my teachers, collaborators, and students over the years. Their influence and stimulation are impossible to quantify or detail ill full. Throe people, however, may be fondly acknowledged: Pat Kelly, Elmo Lavis, and John M Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed itchell, who in childhood, school, and PhD taught me well.Chapter 1Prologue1.1 Entropy in Thermodynamics and Statistical MechanicsAll systems move inTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
the direction of increasing entropy. Thus Clausius introduced the concept, of entropy in the middle of the 19th century. In this the second law of theThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed sical universe. Thermodynamics is based upon entropy and its maximisation. The fact that the direction of motion of thermal systems is determined by the increase in entropy differentiates thermodynamics from classical mechanics, where, as Newton showed in the 17th century, it is energy and its minim Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed isation that plays the primary’ role.It was quickly clear that entropy in some sense measured the disorder of a system, but it was not until the 1870’Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
s that Boltzmann articulated its physical basis as a measure of the number of possible molecular configurations of the system. According to Boltzmann,Thermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed t entropy is the state with the greatest number of molecular configurations. Although there had been earlier work on the kinetic theory of gases, Boltzmann’s enunciation of the physical basis of entropy marks the proper beginning of statistical mechanics.Despite the fact that thermodynamics and stat Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed istical mechanics have entropy as a common basis and core, they are today regarded as separate disciplines. Thermodynamics is concerned with the behavTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
ior of bulk matter, with its measurable macroscopic properties and the relationships between them, and with the empirical laws that bind the physical Thermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed deals with the epistemological consequences of the few axioms. For the most part pragmatism pervades the discipline, the phenomenological nature of the laws is recognised, and the main2CHAPTER Ỉ. PROLOGUEconcern lies with the practical application of the results to specific systems.Statistical mecha Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed nics is concerned with calculating the macroscopic properties of matter from the behaviour of the microscopic constituents. ‘Mechanics’ refers to theTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
fact that the particles’ interactions arc described by an energy function or Hamiltonian, and that their trajectories behave according to the usual laThermodynamics andStatistical Mechanicsby Entropy MaximisationPrefaceThermodynamics deals with the general principles and laws that govern the behavio Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed these trajectories in time.A typical macroscopic system has on the order of 1023 molecules. It is not feasible to follow the motion of the individual particles, and in any case the number of measurable thermodynamic parameters of the system is very much less than the number of possible configuration Termodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed s of the particles. In theory and in practice the microscopic states of the system are inaccessible. One instead seeks the probability distribution ofTermodinámica y mecánica estadística phil attard 1ed
the microstates, and the consequent macroscopic quantities follow as averages over those distributions. Despite its probabilistic nature, statisticalGọi ngay
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