Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
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Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
Marquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfdiator between Emperor Rudolf II and King Stephan BathoryJohn DonnellyMarquette Unitvnừỵ, iohn.p.donnellyộĩímarquette.eduPublished version. Archivutn Hiitoricum Socữtatii lent. Vol. 69 (2000): 3-60. Publisher URL: http://www.sjweb.info/curiafrgen/archives.cfm. © 2000 Institutum Historicum Societatis Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf lesu. Used with permission.COMMENTARII HISTORICIANTONIO POSSEVINO, SJ. AS PAPAL MEDIATOR BETWEENEMPEROR RUDOLF II AND KING STEPHAN BÁTHORYJohn PatricAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
k Donnelly, S.J. - Marquette University, Milwaukee’.The origins of the disputeConflicting claims to territory can sometimes spark wars even though theMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor RudolfUnited Kingdom over the Falkland Islands is an example. When such disputes have arisen between Catholic kingdoms and nations, the Holy See has sometimes been able to serve as a mediator in reaching a fair and amicable settlement. The successful papal mediation (1979-1985) of a border dispute between Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf Argentina and Chile is a case in point. Understandably, disputes which resulted in fighting have attracted far more attention from historians than haAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
ve disputes settled by negotiations. A territorial conflict poisoned relations between Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612) and Stephan Báthory, Marquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfatu-Mare) and Nemethy, but several neighboring villages were also included in the dispute. Szatmar, the main city involved, is now in Romania, close to the point where Transylvania borders Hungary and the Ukraine. The city, which was strongly fortified, was located in the sixteenth century on a smal Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfl island in the Somcsul (Somes) River, a tributary of the Tisza River, which in turn flows into the Danube. Ncmethy lay just across the Somesul to theAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
northeast of Szatmar.11 wish to thank Michael Zeps, S.J., Ryan Kelsey, and A. Lynn Martin for suggestions which have improved this essay. A short verMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfr, Étienne Báỉory: Roi de Pologne, Prince de Transylvanie (Kraków 1935) 24. A comparison of modem maps with that of Transylvania in G. De Jode’s, Speculum Orbis Terrarum (Antwerp 1578; reprinted Amsterdam 1965) Part II, map X, suggests that the course of the Somcsul has shifted since the sixteenth c Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfentury. The Vatican Archives contain a large (four folio pages) hand-drawn map of the disputed territories (reproduced at the end of this article); itAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
is addressed to the Cardinal Secretary, Tolo-meo Gallio (327v), in the autograph of Antonio Possevino, the papal legate and mediator of the4JOHN PATRMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfn victory at the Battle of Mohács on 28 August 1526. Following their victory the Turks occupied most of Hungary. Meanwhile the majority of the Hungarian nobility elected John Zapolya, the Prince of Transylvania to be their king, while a minority recognized the claims of the Habsburg Archduke Ferdina Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfnd, brother of Charles V and King of Bohemia. When Charles V abdicated in 1556, Ferdinand became Emperor Ferdinand 1, but his Hungarian possessions weAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
re in fact confined to the northern fringe of medieval Hungary, while the Ottomans controlled the vast majority of the Kingdom. Ferdinand’s army had dMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfry support and recognition as King of Hungary. He died in 1540 and was succeeded by his infant son, John Sigismund. In 1540 and 1541 Turkish troops occupied most of the Hungarian territory which Zapolya had ruled, but they did recognize John Sigismund as Prince of Transylvania, which he continued to Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf rule under Ottoman overlordship until his death in 1571. His elected successor was Stephan Báthory, who was Prince of Transylvania from 1571 to 1576Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
and King of Poland from 1576 until his death in 15863.Szatmar and its adjacent villages were minuscule compared to the vast Polish-Lithuanian CommonweMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfurg repossession of these lands. There is little doubt that their loss to the Habsburgs represented for Báthory an affront to his honor both as a Báthory and as Prince of Transylvania and King of Poland. In this dispute the question of honor and traditional claims weighed far more than the economic Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfor military worth of the lands in dispute. Such claims generally loomed large in sixteenth century diplomacy. Although in these years Transylvania hadAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
a mixed population of Hungarians, Romanians and Germans, considerations of nationality and ethnicity hardly surfaced during the protracted negotiatioMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfnion «op-pidi Zathmar et Nemethy ac possess io num et villarum ad id pertinentium». Additional documents issued in 1544 and 1548 confirmed these family possessions4.After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Transylvanian Diet recalled John Sigismund from exile in Poland. It was Stephan Báthory Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfwho served as the spokesman for the delegation that greeted the Prince as he crossed the border on his return. But Ferdinand I was not inclined to accAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
ept a Transylvania independent of his Kingdom of Hungary and sent a delegation to Constantinople in 15563Ferenc Szakaly. The Early Ottoman Period, incMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor RudolfldásÝ, La généalogie de la famille Ba-POSSEVINO AS PAPAL MEDIATOR5to assert his claims to Transylvania. Suleiman did not accept his claims, and war broke out between John Sigismund and Ferdinand I in the spring of 1557. The conflict, which nicely suited Ottoman purposes, was a series of sieges along Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf the forty fortresses that guarded the frontier. Truces broke the actual fighting in this war, which dragged on from 1557 to 1567.No fortress was moreAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
important than Szatmar, which John Sigismund put under the command of Stephan Báthory. Báthory was defending not only his country but his own personaMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfetreat in December of 1557. Báthory then defended the Tisza River line farther to the north until peace negotiations began in 1559-1560. These reached a provisional agreement, but war broke out again in 1561 when the leading Transylvanian general, Melchior Balassa, accepted bribes from Ferdinand I a Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfnd deserted to the Imperial side.Balassa’s defection resulted in the Habsburg occupation of Szatmar in December of 1561. Meanwhile Báthory was engagedAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
in defending the territory along the Tisza and was able to recapture the fortress of Hadad, but Balassa led a Habsburg counterattack which defeated BMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfmany leading Transylvanians went over to the Habsburgs and forced John Sigismund to enter peace negotiations. He was willing to make concessions, but the Habsburgs deemed these insufficient. Two Polish ambassadors served as intermediaries so that a truce was reached while final negotiations dragged Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfon. The sticking point was the districts drained by the Tisza River, which were mostly under Habsburg occupation'. The truce was supposed to last untiAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
l December of 1564, but fighting broke out during the summer, with the Habsburg forces under Balassa and the Transylvanian army under Báthory. BáthoryMarquette Universitye-Publications(S)MarquetteHistory Faculty Research and PublicationsHistory, Department of36526Antonio Possevino, s.|. as Papal Med Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf marching north while he cut south toward the Tisza Rivers and established contact with his partisans in Szatmar, who told him that the town was lightly defended. After a long night’s march his troops entered the town on 3 September and stormed the fortress, putting the German mercenaries who resist Antonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolfed to the sword. An added prize was the capture of Balassa’s wife and children. Balassa was forced to ransom them from Báthory by surrendering three mAntonio Possevino S.J. as Papal Mediator between Emperor Rudolf
ore fortresses* 6.These developments greatly angered the court at Vienna, now under Maximilian 11 (1564-1576), which regarded Szatmar as the key to coGọi ngay
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