How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
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How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
Hope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of ConscPlowmanCurtis CruenlerHửpe College, gruenlenjihope.eduFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalconHnons.hope.edu/faculty_publicationsÒ* Part of the English Language and Literature CommonsRecommended CitationRepository citation: Gruenler, Curtis. "How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests an How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscd the Banquet of Conscience in Piers Plowman' (2010). Fncuifr Publwttoni, Paper 242.http: / 7digitalcommons.hope.edu/faculty_publications/242PublishedHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
In: speculum: AJownwl ọfMedieval Stwiks, Volume 85, Issue -'.July 1.2010. pages $92-630. Copyright © 2010 Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. THope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscital Commons ự' Hope College. It has been accepted for inclusion In Faculty Pubhcatlons by an authorired administrator of Digital Commons (S' Hope College. For more information, please contact digit.ilcommonsiS'hope.cdu.I low to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Pier How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscs PlowmanBy Curtis CruenlerPerhaps the most enigmatic story of a riddle contest in European literature is told in a scene near the middle of Piers PloHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
wman known as the Banquet of Conscience. It draws on a bewildering variety of riddling forms current in the fourteenth century, from the most arcane LHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscerials in one of the poem’s most dynamic scenes suggests that the whole scene might best lx* read as a riddle contest. Indeed, 1 propose reading it in light of what were probably the two best-known stories of riddle contests at the time, one about a saint and one about the peasant trickster named Ma How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscrcolf. In Langland’s hybrid contest, the contestants become not merely characters but representations of modes of discourse. The winner is the enigmatHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
ic mode itself: this scene uses riddling as a form to intensify the poem’s focus on a pervasive poetic mode oriented toward open-ended interpretation Hope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscparadoxically through its association with both saints and fools. Langland’s scene thus consolidates and extends a medieval tradition of riddle contests, one that has yet to be adequately considered as such by modern scholars. It shows how the play of riddling, when incorporated into larger literary How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc forms, can reach toward the theological implications of the verse that so fascinated medieval thinkers, “We see now through a mirror in a riddle, butHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
then face to face.”'Whereas interpretation of the riddles in the Banquet of Conscience has begun with what they mean, even more important is how theyHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc prior riddle contests makes the invita-I want to thank I lenry Ansgar Kelly, V. A. Kolvc, Traugott Lawler, Sarah Tolmie, and the readers for Speculum as well as my students Katherine Masterton and Peter Klcczynski for their comments on versions of this article. It is part of a larger project on the How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc medieval poetics of enigma in Pieri Plowman and its contemporaries, and I am very grateful for the support I have received for this work from an AndrHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
ew w. Mellon Foundation Grant at the Huntington Library and from Hope College’s Sluyter Fellowship, Jacob E. Nyenhuis Faculty Development Grants, and Hope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consccra iuxta vulgatam versioncm, ed. Robert Weber et al., 3rd corr. ed. (Stuttgart, 1983), which is in turn a direct translation from the original Greek. The better-known English phrase, “Wc see now through a glass darkly," which comes from the 1560 Geneva Bible by way of the King James Version, obscur How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consces the Greek term ainigma. The Challoncr edition of the Douay-Rhcims translation, which I use elsewhere for translations from the Vulgate, reads, “WeHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
see now through a glass in a dark manner; but then face to face” (Baltimore, 1899; repr., Rockford, HI., 1971).592doi: 10.1017/S0038713410001272 specuHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consce narrator Wille, of how to play. Patience, who wins the contest as both mystic riddler and holy fool, becomes one of the poem’s several bearers of enigmatic authority, while the more comprehensive and perplexing folly of Wille mediates and models its reception. Both figures situate the reader of Ri How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscers Plowman within an appropriation—even culmination—of riddling traditions. Because Langland’s use of these traditions is so complex, because his preHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
cise sources for them arc indeterminable, and because they have scarcely been studied together, it will be necessary to collect rather widely their prHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscues, which make explicit the dialogic situation already implied by riddles that stand alone or occur one after another in collections. Sometimes medieval riddles survive situated in other contexts, like the letter within which Aidhelm enclosed his collection of Enigmata or the history that surrounds How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc the riddles in the so-called John Ball letters. Even here we can see the use of riddles to form community around a means of knowing that yields not jHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
ust a coded solution but a way of looking at (and being in) the world. A fuller sense of the uses of riddling comes when it happens in a story. RiddleHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscf riddle itself, has thick and fuzzy borders. One way of organizing this variety, however, is in a spectrum according to the importance of the riddle contest to the story. In the middle is the basic folktale form of a brief story focused on a riddle contest. On one side is rhe riddling dialogue, in How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscwhich the frame story diminishes sometimes to no more than identification of the speakers and the only narrative is the back-and-forth exchange, withHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
no explicit stakes attached. On the other side would range more elaborate stories that involve riddles but do not focus on them or set them off from tHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscd interlocking games—beheading, exchange of winnings, hunting, seduction—that arc conducted and expressed, especially in part 3, with verbal indirection and polysemy that give them an air of riddling, even though there arc no riddles per se. A brief survey of this spectrum will prepare for more exte How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscnded consideration of two texts that seem especially to have shaped how these traditions inform the Banquet of Conscience: the dialogue of Solomon andHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
Marcolf and the story of St. Andrew and the Three Questions. 1 lerc, as with riddles that survive outside of dialogues, Christian authors adapted andHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscreinterpretation like Aidhelm—until Langland, who combines the two main medieval developments of riddle-contest tradition, one in which the riddle master is a wise fool and the other in which he is a saint, in order to construct his poem’s mature, enigmatic voice.Riddles as MasterplotChristine Goldb How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscerg, in a thorough analysis of folktales from Indo-European cultures that feature riddle contests, cites several literary examples from medieval594KidHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
dle ContestsEurope.2 * Two classical stories known in the Middle Ages can serve to locate the center of the spectrum of riddle contests. Both end in fHope CollegeDigital Commons (a) Hope CollegeFaculty Publications40360How to Read Like a Fool: Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscience in Piers P How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Conscd; what we did find we left behind.” ' Similarly, in a contest between the Greek soothsayers Calchas and Mopsus, Calchas dies for shame when he cannot say how many apples are on a certain tree.4 More famously, Oedipus succeeds in solving the riddle of the Sphinx, but his story is the kind in which t How to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consche riddle challenge leads to a more serious game that begins when the challenge seems done.5 The Sphinx’s riddle itself exemplifies enigmas that are fHow to Read Like a Fool- Riddle Contests and the Banquet of Consc
ar from random but rather gain resonance within a larger story, such as Oedipus’s tragic self-discovery. These classical stories imply that even a masGọi ngay
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