Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
Culture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application F. Falk. Steven J. HeineUniversity of British ColumbiaMasaki Yuki, Kosuke TakemuraHokkaido UniversityAll correspondence should be directed to: Steven J. HeineUniversity of British Columbia2136 West MallVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 CANADAEmail :heine(a>psych.ubc.caPhone: 604-822-6908Fax: 604-822-6923(in pr Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationess) European Journal of PersonalityCulture, load, and relational mobility 2AbstractMuch research finds (hat Westerners self-enhance more than East AsMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
ians, with (he exception of studies using the Implicit Associations Test for Self-Esteem (IATSE). We contrasted Japanese and Canadians on a new measurCulture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationicipants also completed measures of relational mobility and the IATSE. Results indicated that Japanese and Asian-Canadians were more self-critical than Euro-Canadians, both under high- and low-attentional load. This cultural difference was partially mediated by relational mobility. The IATSE showed Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationno cultural differences, but this measure did not positively correlate with any of the other measures in the study, suggesting that it is not a validMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
measure of “true” self-feelings.Keywords: Culture; Relational Mobility; Self-esteem: Self-enhancement; Automatic ProcessesCulture, load, and relationaCulture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationrable attention in the literature. Indeed, whereas much previous research among Western psychologists assumed that sell-enhancement motivations were universal (Brown, 1986; Maslow, 1943: lesser, 1988). a variety of studies conducted in other cultural contexts has revealed less evidenc e for this mot Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationivation (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999; Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde, & Hankin, 2004). For example, Mexic an-Americ ans (Tropp & Wright, 2003), NMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
ative Americans (Fiyberg & Markus. 2003), Chileans (Heine & Raincri, in press), and Fijians (Rennie & Dunne, 1994) score lower on various measures of Culture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationweak. A recent meta-analysis on self-enhancing motivations among Westerners and East Asians found significant cultural differences in 30 of the 31 methodologies that were used (Heine & Hamamura, 2007). The average effect size for the cultural differences across dll studies was large (d = .84). Furth Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationermore, whereas the average effect size for selfenhancing motivations was large within the Western samples (d - .86). these motivations were largely aMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
bsent among the East Asian samples (d - -.02) with Asian-Americans falling in between (d - .33). Apparently, East Asians possess little motivation to Culture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationing motivations; namely, comparisons of implicit self-esteem using the Tmplic it Associations Test Self-Esteem measure (TATSF; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000) did not reveal cultural differences between East Asian and North American samples (Kitayama & Uchida, 2003; Kobayashi & Greenwald, 2003; Yamaguchi Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application el al., 2007; but for an exc eption toCulture, load, and relational mobility 4this null pattern, see Szeto, Sorrentino. Yasunaga. Otsubo. Kouhara, &Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
Sasayama, in press). The IATSE operationalizes self-esteem as a function of people’s reaction time in categorizing positive and negative words, and seCulture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application self-esteem. For example, “self” and “pleasant” categories may share the same response key. This means that participants must press this same key in order to correctly categorize words such as “mine” and “comfortable,” and it is assumed that a strong association between these concepts is indicative Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application of (relatively) high self-esteem. In another trial, the configuration of response keys is congruent with associations that appear to be consistent wiMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
th low self-esteem (e.g., “self” and “unpleasant” categories share the same key, and correctly categorizing “my" and “painful" words requires pressingCulture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationth the IATSE has been interpreted as evidence that there are no cultural differences in implicit self-esteem, and that the cultural differences that have emerged in other methodologies are the result of self-presentational biases (either East Asians feigning modesty, or Westerners feigning bravado; Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant ApplicationYamaguchi et al., 2007).This alternative account regarding why East Asians appear to self-enhance less than Westerners assumes that the IATSE is a meaMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
sure that is capable of assessing people’s true, underlying motivations for self-esteem. Is such a claim warranted? At present, the validity evidence Culture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationtend to correlate moderately with each other (e.g., r = .43; Greenwald & Famham, 2000), so there is some test-retest reliability. Different blocks of the IAT also are interrelated and predict each other in expected ways (Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002), and the IATSE has Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant ApplicationshownCulture, load, and relational mobility 5decent split-half internal consistency (r = .69; Bosson, Swann, & Pennebaker, 2000). Moreover, relationshMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
ips with the IATSE have been found with a number of external criteria, such as body dysmorphic disorder (Buhlmann, Teachman, Gerbershagen, Kikul. & RiCulture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationn & Wilkowski, 2006), jealousy (DeSteno, Valdesolo, & Bartlett, 2006), gender identity (Aidman & Carroll, 2003), self-deception, and responses to failure (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Meagher & Aidman, 2004). However, with the single exception of gender identity (Aidman & Carroll, 2003), these studies Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application did not demonstrate that the IATSE was a superior predictor of the criteria than explicit measures of self-esteem.The 1ATSE fluctuates somewhat in reMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
sponse to various experimental manipulations, such as priming with positive words (Dijksterhuis, 2004), threats to gender identity, social rejection, Culture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationf narcissism and defensiveness (Jordan, Spencer, Zanna, Hoshino-Browne, & Correll, 2003; Schrồder-Abé, Rudolph, Wiesner, & Schutz, 2007; Zeigler-Hill, 2006), anger suppression, nervousness, and depressive attributional style (Schrữder-Abé, Rudolph. & Schutz, 2007), suicidal ideation (Franck, De Raed Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationt, Dereu. & Van den Abbeele, 2007), compensator}- conviction (McGregor & Marigold, 2003), estimates that there is consensus regarding one's personal bMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
eliefs about social issues (McGregor, Nail, Marigold. & Kang. 2005), discrimination towards out-group members (Jordan, Spencer, & Zanna, 2005), and ovCulture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationings of positive self-regard.Culture, load, and relational mobility 6On the other hand, there are a number of ways that the validity evidence for the IATSE is not so promising (see also Fiedler, Messner, & Bluemke, 2006; Nosek, Greenwald & Banaji, 2007). High IATSE can occur by having a negative att Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationitude towards the “other” reference categoiy without having positive attitudes about oneself (Blanton, Jaccard, Christie, & Gonzales, 2007; Karpinski,Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
2004; see also Pinter & Greenwald, 2005). “Positive associations" obtained by the IAT may also be an artifact of rule-based categorizations that are Culture, load, and relational mobility 1Running head: Culture, load, and relational mobilityWhy do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?Carl Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationund that two IATSE scores in which the “other" reference categoiy was defined in a different way (i.e., an unspecified other or a best friend) were uncorrelated (r = -.03). Furthermore, the IATSE correlates weakly, if at all, with explicit measures of self-esteem (average r = .13 from a recent meta- Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Applicationanalysis; Hofmann, Gawronski, Gschwendner, Le. & Schmitt, 2005), and it does not correlate positively with other implicit measures of self-esteem, norMaternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program Grant Application
with various external criteria (Bosson, et al., 2000). Several studies have also found evidence that scores on the IAT (with other attitudes) can beGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook