book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
sixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2lenges for clinical neuroscience. The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical .Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V, APA, 2013) no longer classifies mood disorders into depressive disorders and bipolar disorders; instead, these disorders are classified separately; “depressive disorders” and “ book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2bipolar and related disorders”. The depressive disorders include disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
ive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition,sixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2c disorder, substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder, bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition, other specified bipolar and related disorder, and unspecified bipolar and related disorder.The distinguishing feature between major depressive disorder and bipolar di book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2sorder is the lack of a manic episode. Given that the majority of studies have investigated major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders, these disbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
orders are the focus of this chapter, particularly major depressive disorder, as it affects a larger segment of the population than bipolar disorders.sixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2n and bipolar 1 disorder, and discusses the genetic, anatomical, neurochemical, and neuroimaging findings associated with these disorders. An overview is also provided concerning medication and other physiologically based treatment approaches for major depressive and bipolar 1 disorders.Chapters Lea book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2rning Objectives■Distinguish between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.■Describe demographic findings associated with each disorder.■Descbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
ribe multicultural findings associated with each disorder.■Describe genetic findings associated with each disorder.■Describe findings concerning neurosixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2s of genetic, neuroanatomical, neurotransmitter, and functional studies.■Identify types of medications used to treat major depressive and bipolar disorders.■Describe molecular effects of antidepressants.■Describe research findings concerning suicidality and antidepressants.■Identify brain stimulatio book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2n techniques used to treat both disorders.■Describe unanswered questions about the physiological bases of both disorders.■Identify recommendations forbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
future research.Major Depressive DisorderPrevalence and Demographic InformationMajor depressive disorder is characterized by a change in mood and presixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2V, APA, 2013) criteria for major depressive disorder requires a 2-week period where five of the following symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day: depressed mood (may be an irritable mood in children), loss of interest or pleasure, increased or decreased appetite, insomnia or hypersom book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2nia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, loss of energy, excessive guilt, decreased concentration, and suicidal thoughts. At least one of the symptobook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
ms must be either depressed/irritable mood or loss of interest and the symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.Findings sixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2de of major depressive disorder in the past year. This figure represented 6.7% of all US adults and is consistent with prevalence estimates published in the DSM-V (APA, 2013). Although depression affects all ages, prevalence rates among individuals between 18 and 29 years of age are three times high book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2er than those 60 years and older. Females experience a 1.5-3 times higher rate of major depressive disorder compared to males, and the onset increasesbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
markedly during puberty (APA, 2013; Steiner, Dunn & Born, 2003). Comorbid conditions such as anxiety and substance use disorders are commonly reportesixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2gsA number of studies have reported cultural differences in the clinical presentation of depression. Among Latinos, for example, depression has been experienced as physical complaints (somatization) such as stomachaches, headaches, and back pain rather than emotions (Alarcón et al., 2014). African A book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2mericans have a lower lifetime prevalence of depressive disorders than do non-Hispanic Whites based on epidemiological studies in the United States; hbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
owever, depression appears to be more persistent in African Americans relative to non-Hispanic Whites (Gibbs et al., 2013). Recent findings suggest thsixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2the highest one-year prevalence rates for majorMajor Depressive Disorder 175 depression were among whites, followed by African Americans, Mexican Americans, and lowest rates were among Cuban Americans. Recent meta analytic studies have found rates of depressive disorder elevated in sexual minority y book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2outh in comparison to heterosexual young people (Lucassen el al., 2017). Kirmaycr (2001) expressed that culture-specific symptoms may lead to under orbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
misdiagnosis of depression. Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States experiencing depression are also less likely to receive appropriate intsixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 22001), measuring depression across cultures is controversial largely due to reliance on quantitative methods that have “proved to be of limited value”. Bhugra and Mastrogianni recommended more flexible approaches be developed using qualitative research techniques and focus group methods deemed more book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2appropriate for minority populations. As Bhugra and Maslrogianni staled.The challenge for cultural psychiatry is to identify genuine differences betwebook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
en populations, without being misled by ethnic stereotyping. Individual differences arc as great as ethnic ones, and the clinician treats the individusixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2vering effective interventions. For example, genetic research suggests that differences exist among ethnic populations with respect to genes that encode enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of psychotropic medications, and this information plays a role in the selection of appropriate medicati book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2ons for the treatment of major depressive disorder as well as other clinical disorders (Karlovic & Karlovic, 2013; Lin, 2001; M. llic et al., 2013).Thbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
e economic burden of major depressive disorder is also increasing as reflected in costs associated with depression in the workplace, mortality costs fsixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2lts under the age of 45. In the workplace, research has found the highest rates of depression among workers who require frequent or difficult interactions with the public or clients, and have high levels of stress and low levels of phys ical activity (Wulsin cl al., 2011). A number of studies have r book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2eported that individuals suffering from major depression are more likely to report a poorer quality of life during early, middle, and later adulthoodbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
(Papakoslas el al., 2001; Renn & Arcan, 2017). Individuals with major depression are at greater risk for attempting suicide, with the rate of suicide sixMajorDepressive Disorder and Bipolar DisorderUnderstanding the neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains one of the foremost chall book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2hat suicidal behavior is mediated by familial transmission but noted that impulsive, aggressive tendencies arc the most powerful predictors of suicide attempts, particularly at an early age.Developmental FindingsDevelopmentally, the incidence of depression is similar among boys and girls prior to pu book Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2berty, after which depression rates are higher in females (Kazdin & Marciano, 199K; Mer ikangaset al., 2010). Goodyer, Park, and Herbert (2001) suggesbook Clinical neuroscience (2/E): Part 2
ted that endocrine processes, such as higher cortisol levels, are associated with depression in adolescents but not younger children. They also foundGọi ngay
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