Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2
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Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2
12Non-Parametric TestsNon-parametric and Parametric Tests—AssumptionsStatistical methods are based on certain assumptions. For applying parametric sta Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2atistical tools, the assumptions made are that data follow a normal distribution pattern and are homogeneous. In many situations, the data obtained from animal studies contradict these assumptions, and are not suitable to be analysed with the parametric statistical methods. Non-parametric tests do n Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2ot require the assumption of normality or the assumption of homogeneity of variance. Hence, these tests are referred to as distribution-free tests. NoEbook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2
n-parametric tests usually compare medians rather than means, therefore influence of one or two outliers in the data is annulled. We shall deal with s12Non-Parametric TestsNon-parametric and Parametric Tests—AssumptionsStatistical methods are based on certain assumptions. For applying parametric sta Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2ch can be used either in the one-sample or in the paired sample contexts (Sawilowsky, 2005). Sign test is probably the simplest of all the non-parametric methods (Whitley and Ball, 2002; Crawley, 2005). The null hypothesis of the sign test is that given a pair of measurements (xi, yi), then xi and y Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2i are equally likely to be larger than each other (Surhone er al., 2010). Though the sign test is rarely used in toxicology, it can be used in certainEbook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2
pharmacological in vivo experiments to evaluate whether a treatment is superior to the other. The sign test may be used in clinical trials to know wh12Non-Parametric TestsNon-parametric and Parametric Tests—AssumptionsStatistical methods are based on certain assumptions. For applying parametric sta Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2of sign test for small sample size (n £25) is different from that of large sample size (n>25):Nỡn-Parametric Tests 107Calculation procedure of sign test for small sample sizeA study was conducted to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of an herbal preparation in rats. Hyperglycemia was induced in rats Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2by administering streptozotozin. Following the administration of streptozotozin, the blood sugar was measured in individual rats to confirm hyperglyceEbook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2
mia. Then the hyperglycemic rats were given the herbal preparation daily for 14 consecutive days. On day 15, again blood sugar was measured in these r12Non-Parametric TestsNon-parametric and Parametric Tests—AssumptionsStatistical methods are based on certain assumptions. For applying parametric sta Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2lood sugar level (nig dl) in hyperglycemic ratsRat No.12345678Blood sugar level before administration of herbal preparation (Xa)236223211229205245243231Blood sugar level after administration of herbal preparation (X^)155156172198209181231231Difference (\- Xj-SI-67-39-314-64-120Sign(-1)(-1)(-1)(-1)1( Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2-1)(-1)± (0)TRUEfl INote: „c,. =————Rat No. 8, which did not show any change in thefl •1/..\l*e'Vr l(n-ry.blood sugar is not included in the analysis.Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2
Since P=0.0624 is >0.05, it is considered that the decrease in blood sugar in rats administered with herbal preparation is insignificant.Calculation p12Non-Parametric TestsNon-parametric and Parametric Tests—AssumptionsStatistical methods are based on certain assumptions. For applying parametric sta Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 2iven in Table 12.2. The objective of theTable 12.2. Analgesic effect of drugs A and B evaluated by 32 doctorsDoctor No.1234567891011121314151617181920212223Drug A (X)45455354345334543445454Drug B (xj2 **3342325353424354353435Sign(Xh-X)-----±-+±+-+-±-4-+-+-±-+Co I sS’5 gỊI Ebook A handbook of applied statistics in pharmacology: Part 212Non-Parametric TestsNon-parametric and Parametric Tests—AssumptionsStatistical methods are based on certain assumptions. For applying parametric staGọi ngay
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