Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
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Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
Some History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2to clearly distinguish among these sciences. The terms "biophysics," "physical chemistry." or "biochemistry" imply the flowing connectivity between scientific fields. The topics in this book are. therefore, assigned to the various scientific chapters somewhat arbitrarily.What is the link between oph Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2thalmology and chemistry ? Chemistry is the basis of biology, which, in turn, provides information about the function of the eye. Chemistry is the sciEbook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
ence of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. We shall begin by describing some of the first steps toward modern chemistry'Some History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2 wealthy family in Paris. At Lavoisier's time, chemistry was so underdeveloped it could hardly be called a science. The main view of combustion, or burning, was that of the "Phlogiston Theory," which stated that certain materials contain a fire-like element called "Phlogiston." which was liberated b Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2y burning:conversely, when those materials were heated, the "phlogiston" entered the material. One major problem with this theory WILS that, when someEbook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
metals such as magnesium (which were considered to be rich in phlogiston) were oxidized, the resulting oxidized metal was heavier than the initial meSome History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2h hail a weight. In a paper titled “Memoir on Combustion in General." he presented his theory that combustion was a reaction in which oxygen combines with other elements. A simple example is the combustion reaction between hydrogen and oxygen (Fig. 8.1).Lavoisier also discovered that, in a chemical Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, known as the "law of conservation of matter" (the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the prodEbook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
ucts). For the first time, he formulated chemical reactions in the form of chemical equations based on the conservation of mass. Lavoisier was among tSome History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2r naming chemical compounds. For these reasons, he is known as the father of modern chemistry.2^21# + Oast *■ 2H2O0j + heat'Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), French chemist who disproved the "Phlogiston theory.”Fig. 8.1 Combustion reaction. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in a combustion reaction to produc Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2e water and heatJ. Hammer et al.. Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology.DOI 10.1OO7/978-3-M2-32261-7.8. ©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 20131171188 SomeEbook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
History of ChemistryDue 10 his prominence in the pre-revolutionary government in France, this famous scientist was guillotined during the revolution. Some History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2actions. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. All matter is composed of atoms. An element is defined as matter consisting of atoms that cannot be broken down by further chemical means. Elementscan lx1 arranged according to their atomic numbers in a tabular display organized on the ba Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2sis of their properties - the"periodic table" as depicted in Fig. 8.3. The atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus, which, iEbook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
n turn, corresponds to the number of electrons in the non-ionized state.Isotopes are elements with the same atomic number and. therefore, lie in the sSome History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2ogen (according to their abundance in nature: protium with I proton and 1 electron, deuterium, and tritium).Can elements be transformed into other elements? This was a common perception ofFig. 8.2 Statue of Antoine Lavoisier in the Louvre in ParisFig. 8.4 Isotopes of hydrogen, which has three natura Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2lly occurring isotopes. The most common isotope is protium, which consists of one proton and one electron. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutrEbook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2
on in its nucleus. Tritium contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleusHHeLiBeBcN0FNeNaMgAlSipsClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMSome History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US t Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2 in following manner Lighter green: Alkali metals. Orange: Alkali earth metals. Yellow. Transitionmetals. Green: Lanthanides and actinides. Violet: Other metals. Pink: Metalloids. Grey: Non-metals. Light bine: Halogens. Dark blue: Noble gases8.2 The Birth of Elements11914w . 4____ I7n .7n * 2a8° ♦ 1 Ebook Basic sciences in ophthalmology: Part 2Some History of Chemistry8Related sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology merge seamlessly into each other, which makes it difficult for US tGọi ngay
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