Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
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Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2iations, however, belongs not here but in the theory of wages.Marx (1977: 1068-9)rhe political economy of wage-labour discussed in our last chapter stipulates that, just as capital benefits directly from the competition of workers, in turn the ability of workers to capture the gains from social prod Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2uction depends upon their success in reducing the separation and division in social relations among themselves. By forming trade unions and by attemptEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
ing to turn the state into their own agency' (Marx, 1866: 344-5), workers struggle to satisfy unrealized social needs and to 'achieve a certain quanti6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2l of their wages. Class struggle, it appears, is critical in the determination of wages.But, where does class struggle fit into Capital's discussion of the value of labour-power? Chapter I introduced the concepts of necessary labour and the value of labour-power. There we noted that the hours of lab Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2our (w) necessary to produce the daily requirements (Ơ) of the worker depend upon the productivity of labour (ij):w = u/q(1.1).In value-terms, 'the vaEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
lue of labour-power I the value-form of necessary labour] can be resolved into the value of a definite quantity of the means of subsistence. It theref6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2ntity of the means of subsistence' was given and fixed. Rather than explore the effects of class struggle on wages, he set aside anything to do with changes in real wages or in the level of needs that workers are able to satisfy as a subject for a later work:The problem of these movements in the lev Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2el of the workers' needs, as also that of the rise and fall of the market price of labour capacity above or below this level, do not belong here, wherEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
e the general capitalrelation is to be developed, but in the doctrine of the wages of labour (Marx, 1988: 44-5).Accordingly, with respect to wages, Ma6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2s notebooks, 'we proceed from the assumption that the labour capacity is paid for at its value, hence wages are only reduced by the Dl.PRI.CIATION of that labour capacity, or what is the same thing, by the cheapening of the means of subsistence entering into the workers' consumption.' Beginning, in Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2short, from that 'definite quantity of means of subsistence', Marx's focus in Capital is upon changes in the quantity of labour required to produce thEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
at given set of necessaries.Of course, Marx knew that there were other reasons for a change in wages:In so far as machinery brings about a direct redu6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2ment, it is not part of our task to deal with this CASE. It belongs to the theory of wages (Marx, 1994: 23).So, can we infer from these passages elements in the theory of wages? What is the link between the value of labour-power and changes in the price of labour-power? Does the introduction of mach Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2inery drive the price of labour-power below the value of labour-power, leading to a fall in the value of labour-power? As the following passages suggeEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
st, a prima facie case could be made for this line of reasoning:As to the limits of the value of labour, its actual settlement always depends upon sup6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2s, or how much, in consequence of the demand and supply of labour, its amount and ratio may change, at any given epoch the standard is to be considered and acted upon as a fixed one by capital (Marx, 1973: 817; emphasis added).The standard of necessity (Ư) may change; thus, labour market conditions Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2may produce changes in the market price of labour-power, and these may-lead to changes in the value of labour-power - once the assumption that the quaEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
ntity of the means of subsistence is 'definite' is dropped.Recall our discussion in Chapter 3. There, we noted that Capital analyses the magnitude of 6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2ons are possible here. Any two of the factors may vary and the third remain constant, or all three may vary at once...The effect of every possible combination may be found bytreating each factor in turn as variable, and the other two constant for the time being (Marx, 1977: 664).Given that Marx did Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2not complete this analysis (that is to say, he did not treat the standard of necessity as variable), let US continue Marx's project by considering theEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
combinations that he did not explore. This will allow US to take account of various sides of the matter.1I Standard of necessity constant; productivi6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2ion that necessary labour and the value of labour-power are given and fixed. From this starting point, we can examine the concept of the value of labour-power that Marx presents.The value of labour-power, Marx proposes, is determined by the 'value of the necessaries required to produce, develop, mai Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2ntain, and perpetuate the labouring power' (Marx, 1865b: 130). Yet, as Bob Rowthorn observed, this definition 'is really no different from that givenEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
by classical economists such as Ricardo' (Rowthorn, 1980: 206). Il is a view of the worker as working animal, as piece of machinery. Simply stated, th6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2perspective of capital (that is, as an object for capital rather than as a subject for herself), it is not surprising that the concept of the value of labour-power focuses not upon the worker's ability to satisfy her socially determined needs but, rather, upon the cost of a productive input for capi Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2tal. However, the implications are significant: once you approach the value of labourpower as the cost to capital of securing this peculiar instrumentEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
of production with a voice, a particular logic seems to develop. If, for example, the length of the working day were to be extended, extended beyond 6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2re its value, increases with the duration of its functioning' (Marx, 1977: 686). The increase in the workday leads to 'premature exhaustion' of this input; and the result is that:the forces used up have to be replaced more rapidly, and it will be more expensive to reproduce labour-power, just as in Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2the case of a machine, where the part of its value that has to be reproduced daily grows greater the more rapidly the machine is worn out (Marx, 1977:Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
376-7).This is a perspective in which the side of workers and the struggle of workers to satisfy their needs have no place. Capital’s proposition tha6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2e respective power of the combatants' determines if wages fall and the workday increases. Rather than that inverse relation between wages and the workday (flowing from class struggle), Capital here posits a direct relation. While this might make sense to a neoclassical economist who links wages to t Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2he quantity of labour performed, this argument seems quite out of place for Marx; yet, it is totally consistent with treating workers as comparable toEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
lifeless instruments of production.2So, how does this perspective differ from the position of political economy which the Young Marx criticized - the6WagesThe level of the necessaries of life whose total value constitutes the value of labour-power can itself rise or fall. The analysis of those vari Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2answer is - it does not differ; it is the same perspective, the one-sided perspective of capital! rhe individual consumption of the worker, Marx noted in Capital, 'remains an aspect of the production and reproduction of capital, just as the cleaningWages 105class 'is just as much an appendage of cap Ebook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2ital as the lifeless instruments of labour are' (Marx, 1977: 718-19).Since this wonderful working machine unfortunately not only depreciates but has aEbook Beyond capital Marxs political economy of the working class (2nd edition): Part 2
limited life, it follows that the maintenance of its usevalue includes expenditures both to redress its daily wear and tear and also for those 'meansGọi ngay
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