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Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

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Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1nces1.1A Historical Perspective1.2Issues ill Digital Integrated Circuit Design1.3Quality Metrics of a Digital Design1.4Summary1.5To Ptobe Further■&-cĩ

ũẽ«erl fm p»je 10 Fnday. Januin tí. 2002 3 58 AMINTRODUCTION Chapter 1lú1.1 A Historical PerspectiveThe concept of digital data manipulation has made Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

a dramatic impact on our society. One has long grown accustomed to the idea of digital computers. Evolving steadily from mainframe and minicomputers,

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

personal and laptop computers have proliferated into daily life. More significant, however, is a continuous trend towards digital solutions in all oth

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1og processing were recognized. Other areas such as control were soon to follow. Only recently have we witnessed the conversion of telecommunications a

nd consumer electronics towards the digital format. Increasingly, telephone data IS transmitted and processed digitally over both wired and wireless n Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

etworks. The compact disk has revolutionized the audio world, and digital video is following in its footsteps.The idea of implementing computational e

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

ngines using an encoded data format IS by no means an idea of our times. In the early nineteenth century. Babbage envisioned large-scale mechanical co

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1ommon in modem electronics, the underlying concepts are very similar. The Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. was perceived as a general-purpose com

puting machine, with features strikingly close to modern computers. Besides executing the basic repertoire of operations (addition, subtraction, multi Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

plication, and division) in arbitrary sequences, the machine operated in a two-cycle sequence, called “’Store" and ““mill" (execute), similar to curre

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

nt computers. It even used pipelining to speed up the execution of the addition operation! Unfortunately, the complexity and the cost of the designs m

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1a total cost of £17.470 (in 1834!).j Figure 1.1 Working part of Babbage s Difference Engme I (1832). the hrst known automatic calculator (from (Swade9

3). courtesy of the Science Museum of London).?-• chsceerl ốn Page 11 Fndav. Jurorry 18.2002 8:58 AMSection 1.1 A Historical PerspectiveThe electrical Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

solution turned out to be more cost effective. Early digital electronics systems were based on magnetically controlled switches (or relays), t hey we

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

re mainly used in the implementation of very simple logic networks. Examples of such arc train safety- systems, where they are still being used at pre

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1for analog processing, it was realized early on that the vacuum tube was useful for digital computations as well. Soon complete computers were realize

d. The era of the vacuum rube based computer culminated in the design of machines such as the ENIAC (intended for computing artillery firing tables) a Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

nd the UNIV AC 1 (the first successful commercial computer). To get an idea about integration density, the ENIAC was SO feet long. S.5 feet high and s

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

everal feet wide and incorporated 1S.OOO vacuum tubes. Il became rapidly clear, however, that this design technology had reached its limits. Reliabili

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1ention of the transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947 [Bardeen48], followed by the introduction of the bipolar transistor by Schockley in 19

49 [Schockley49]1. It took till 1956 before this led to the first bipolar digital logic gate, introduced by Harris [Harris56], and even more time befo Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

re this translated into a set of integrated-circuit commercial logic gates, called the Fairchild Micrologic family [NormanóO]. The first truly success

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

ful IC logic family. TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was pioneered in 1962 [Beeson62]. Other logic families were devised with higher performance in

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1led Logic) family [Ma$aki74]. TTL had the advantage, however, of offering a higher integration density and was the basis of the first integrated circu

it revolution. In fact, the manufacturing of TTL components is what spear-headed the first large semiconductor companies such as Fairchild. National, Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

and Texas Instruments. The family was so successful that it composed the largest fraction of the digital semiconductor market until the 1980s.Ultimate

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

ly, bipolar digital logic lost the battle for hegemony in the digital design world for exactly the reasons that haunted the vacuum tube approach: the

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1 Although attempts were made to develop high integration density, low-power bipolar families (such as TL—Integrated injection Logic |IIart72J). the to

rch was gradually passed to the MOS digital integrated circuit approach.The basic principle behind the MOSITT transistor (originally called IGTET) was Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

proposed in a patent by J. I.ilienfeld (Canada) as early as 1925. and. independently, by (). Heil in England in 1935. Insufficient know ledge of the

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

materials and gale stability problems. however, delayed the practical usability of the device for a long time. Once these were solved. MOS digital int

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 13J. and this trend continued till the late 1960s. The complexity of the manufacturing process delayed the frill exploitation of these devices for two

more decades. Instead.Au mlriguiug overview of the v-voỉuũuci of digital integrated ciicurls can be found su [M-.npiiy9.-i]. (Mort of the data in this Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

ov av jew has heal extracted hvcii this reference). It is accoaipauied by some of tlx- historically givuud-bivakuig publications ill the domain of di

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

gital ICs.'--T^ cĩũẽttrl fm p»i« 12 Friday, Jontiin IS. 2002 S:53 AMINTRODUCTION Chapter 112the first practical MOS integrated circuits were implement

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1ith the introduction of the first microprocessors by Intel in 1972 (the 4004) [Faggin72] and 1974 (the 8080) [Shima74]. These processors were implemen

ted in NMOS-only logic, which has the advantage of higher speed over the PMOS logic. Simultaneously. MOS technology enabled tile realization of the fi Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

rst high-density semiconductor memories. For instance, the first 4Kbit MOS memory was introduced in 1970 [Hoff70].These events were at the start of a

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

truly astounding evolution towards ever higher integration densities and speed performances, a revolution tliat is still in full swing right now. The

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1 plague that made high-density bipolar logic unattractive or infeasible: power consumption. This realization, combined with progress in manufacturing

technology, finally tilted the balance towards the CMOS technology, and this is where we still are today. Interestingly enough, power consumption conc Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

erns are rapidly becoming dominant in CMOS design as well, and this time there does not seem to be a new technology around the comer to alleviate the

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

problem.Although the large majority of the current integrated circuits are implemented in the MOS technology, other technologies come into play when v

INTRODUCTIONThe evolution of digital circuit designCompelling issues in digital circuit designHow to measure the quality of a designI a!liable referen

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1 high-speed memories and gate arrays When even higher performance is necessary, other technologies emerge besides the already mentioned bipolar silico

n ECL family—Gallium-Arsenide. Silicon-Germanium and even superconducting technologies. These technologies only play a very’ small role m the overall Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

digital integrated circuit design scene With the ever increasing performance of CMOS, this role is bound to be farther reduced with time. Hence the fo

Ebook Digital integrated circuits prentice hall: Part 1

cus of this textbook on CMOS only.1.2 Issues in Digital Integrated Circuit DesignIntegration density and performance of integrated circuits have gone

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