Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2 general environment. While other chapters have discussed chemical pollutants in air. water, food, and waste, this chapter deals with policies that arc specific to hazardous substances found in general commerce. The five U.S. policies specific to control of toxic substances will be discussed, along Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2with those of the EU and World Health Organization (WHO). Associations between hazardous substances and effects on human and ecosystem health are presEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
ented herein. It needs to be noted that the terms hazardous and toxic arc distinct terms with somewhat different meanings, but arc often used as synon11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2 gradually learned which noxious plants to avoid eating; in effect, practicing the core principle of public health, prevention of disease and disability. Similarly, humankind learned to avoid venomous creatures whose bites could cause harmful health effects. The common factor between noxious plants Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2and venomous creatures would over time become revealed to be chemical substances that possess toxic properties, one of which, asbestos, is illustratedEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
in Figure 11.1. In time, the study of chemical substances' harmful properties would be called toxicology.The Industrial Revolution led to the manufac11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2for uses in agriculture, industrialization, transportation, and consumer commerce. In the nineteenth century, through the mid-twentieth century, industrial processes often exposed workers to metal fumes and other harmful substances, and if exposure levels were sufficiently great, adverse health cons Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2equences occurred. While acute exposures to high levels of toxic substances certainly occurred, there was also a gradual shift to exposure to substancEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
es that manifested their toxicity over long periods of time. For example, lead poisoning and metal fume fever were occupational health outcomes for ma11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2he toxicity of metals had not changed, but exposure levels had decreased, lessening the adverse health effects in workers.In the mid-twentieth century, the manufacture of synthetic chemicals became a significant economic force and commercial reality, in part, due to the resource demands of World War Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2 II. Tile chemical industry had arrived, generating products such as therapeutic drugs, pesticides, herbicides, plastics, synthetic rubber, and consumEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
er goods. In a sense, the Chemical Agehad arrived. The production and use of these products brought exposure to new. synthesized substances for which 11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2nvironments. Exposure occurred at lower levels through contamination of environmental media such as outdoor ambient air and community drinking water supplies. The toxicological implications had changed from those of dealing with the consequence of short-term, high to medium levels of chemical substa Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2nces, to the condition of long-term exposure to low concentrations of substances found in essential environmental media, i.e.. air. waler, and food.OnEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
e source observes that approximately 10 million chemical compounds have been synthesized in laboratories since the beginning of the twentieth century.11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2ack adequate toxicity data, there already exist ample data to characterize a large number of substances as being deleterious to human health. The major endpoints known to be affected by toxic substances are shown in Table 11.1, illustrated by specific substances. Standard references in toxicology co Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2ntain more comprehensive listings of substances hazardous to human health (c.g.. the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSHJ’s REbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
egistry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances |2|. which contains detailed toxicological and industrial hygiene information on a large number of che11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2TANCESIn recognition of the need to control environmental releases of hazardous substances and to inform potential at-risk populations. Congress has enacted five major statutes: the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSAct). the Federal Insecticide. Fungicide and Rodenticide Act tFIFRAct). the Toxic Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2 Substances Control Act (TSCAct), the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPAct). and the Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act. The last-named act is a major reviEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
sion of the TSCAct and is therefore considered a separate act for the purposes of this chapter. Each of these statutes is discussed in the following s11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2d's experience. For example, both arsenic and hydrogen cyanide were used for pest control, but were287288Environmental Policy and Public Health□ANGERasbestos CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ARE REQUIRED IN THIS AREAFIGURE 11.1 Workplace no Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2tification of II hazardous chemical. (From OSHA (U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Chemical hazards and toxic substances. DirectoratEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
e of Standards and Guidance. Washington. DC. 2016.)eventually abandoned as pesticides due to their high toxicity and hazard to humans. The period of p11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2are specifically designed to kill living creatures, concern gradually evolved about potential adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. This section will give a history of pesticide policymaking in the U.S. and elsewhere.by manufacturers and distributors of adulterated or ineffective pesticides Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2. Congress did not address the potential risks to human health posed by pesticide products until it enacted the 1947 version of the FIFRAct. The U.S.Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
Department of Agriculture (USDA) became responsible for administering the pesticide statutes during this period. However, responsibility was shifted t11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2ects of pesticide exposure on pesticide applicators, wildlife, nontarget insects and birds, and on food consumers subsequently led to a complete revision of the FIFRAct in 1972 (Table 11.2). The 1972 law. as amended, is the basis of current federal policy. Substantial changes were made to the FIFRAc Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2t in 1988 in order to accelerate the process of reregistering pesticides, and again in 1996. The 1996 amendments facilitated registra-tion of pesticidEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
es for special (so-called minor) uses, reauthorization of collection of fees to support reregistration. and a requirement to coordinate regulations be11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2 U.S. through registration and labeling of the estimated 21.000 pesticide products currently in use |5]. The act directs the EPA to restrict the use of pesticides as necessary in order to prevent unreasonable adverse effects on humans and the environment, taking into account the costs and benefits o Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2f various pesticide uses. The FIFRAct prohibits sale of any pesticide in the U.S. unless it is registered and labeled indicating approved uses and resEbook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2
trictions. It is a violation of the law to use a pesticide in a manner that is inconsistent with the label instructions. The EPA registers each pestic11Hazardous Chemical Substances11.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the five major U.S. policies on control of hazardous chemical substances in the Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2ation was first enacted in 1910, its aim was to reduce economic exploitation of farmersTABLE 11.1Toxicity Endpoints and Alphabetized Associated ToxicSubstancesEnd point Cancerc ard lovascu hr d tsca ses Developmental disordersEndocrine disruptionImmune dysfunctionLiver diseaseNervous system disorder Ebook Environmental policy and public health (2/E): Part 2sReproductive disordersGọi ngay
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