Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2mphysema. However, there may be no abnormalities, even in patients with very appreciable disability. Recent improvements in imaging techniques, particularly the advent of CT and, more recently, high-resolution CT (HRCT), have provided more sensitive means of diagnosing emphysema in life.Plain chest Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2radiographyThe most reliable radiographic signs of emphysema can be classified by their causes of overinflation, vascular changes and bullae.OverinflaEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
tion of rhe lungs results in rhe following radiographic features:•a low flattened diaphragm (Figure 5.1): the diaphragm is abnormally low if the borde5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2eight from a line drawn between rhe costal and cardiophrenic angles to the border of the diaphragm is less than 1.5 cm•increased retrosternal airspace, visible on the lateral film at a point 3 cm below the manubrium when the horizontal distance from the posterior surface of the aorta to the sternum Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2exceeds 4.5 cm•an obtuse costophrenic angle on the posterior-anterior or lateral chest radiograph•an inferior margin of the retrosternal airspace 3 cmEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
or less from the anterior aspect of the diaphragm.Vascular changes associated with emphysema result from loss of alveolar walls and are shown on the 5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2cing increased branching angles, excess straightening or bowing of vessels•areas of transradiancy.©2016 Health Press Ltd. www.fastfacts.comuncivillyFigure 5.1 Plain chest radiographs of generalized emphysema particularly affecting the lower zones, (a) Posterior-anterior radiograph showing a low, fla Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2t diaphragm (below the anterior ends of the seventh ribs), obtuse costophrenic angles and reduced vessel markings in lower zones, which are transradiaEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
nt.(b) Lateral radiograph showing a low, flat and inverted diaphragm and widened retrosternal transradiancy (white arrows) that approaches the diaphra5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2radiancy may simply be due to overexposure.The development of right ventricular hypertrophy produces nonspecific cardiac enlargement on rhe plain chest radiograph. Pulmonary hypertension may be suggested, taking measurements from the plain chest radiograph of rhe width of rhe right descending pulmon Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2ary artery, just below the right hilum, where the borders of the artery are delineated against rhe air in rhe lungs laterally and rhe right main-stemEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
bronchus medially. The upper limit of the normal range of the width of the artery in this area is 16 mm in men and 15 mm in women. This increase in pu5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2 measurements can be used to detect rhe presence or absence of pulmonary hypertension, they cannot accurately predict the level of the pulmonary artery pressure and they are nor felt to be particularly sensitive.75©2016 Health Press Ltd. vwwv.fastfacts.comFast Facts:Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Dis Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2easeBullae may be seen as focal areas of transradiancy surrounded by hairline walls.Computed tomographyCT scanning has been used to detect and quantifEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
y emphysema. Techniques can be divided into those that use visual assessment of low-density areas on the CT scan, which can be either semiquantitative5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2macroscopic or microscopic emphysema, respectively. Use of inspiratory and expiratory phases during CT scanning helps to determine air-trapping and small airways disease.Visual assessment of emphysema on CT scanning (Figure 5.2) reveals:•areas of low attenuation without obvious margins or walls•atte Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2nuation and pruning of rhe vascular tree•abnormal vascular configurations.The sign that correlates best with areas of macroscopic emphysema is an areaEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
of low attenuation. Visual inspection of the CT scan can locate areas of macroscopic emphysema, though a visual assessment of rhe exrent of macroscop5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2 using HR.CT, particularly when rhe changes are nor severe. The distinction depends on the distribution of the lesions: those of centrilobular emphysema are patchy and prominent in rhe upper zones; whereas those of panlobular emphysema are diffuse throughout the lung zones (see Figure 5.2). Ir is ge Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2nerally acceptable ro select patients with upper lung zone emphysema for volume reduction surgery by visual inspection of an HR.CT by an experienced rEbook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2
adiologist and surgeon.76Measurement of lung density on CT in terms of Hounsfield units (a scale of X-ray attenuation where bone is +1000 Hounsfield u5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe em Ebook Fast facts - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3/E): Part 2y ar rhe microscopic level.©2016 Health Press Ltd. WWW.fastfacts.com5Imaging74No features specific for COPD are seen on a plain posterior-anterior chest radiograph. The features usually described are those of severe emGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook