Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
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Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
IVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2............... 42527Physical and Biological Bases of Spatial Distortions in Positron EmissionTomography Images Afagrtus Dahlbom and StưtỊỊ-Cheng (Henry Huang).................43928Biological Underpinnings of Anatomic Consistency and Variability in theI Inman Brain iV 'tĩoùno Muĩoycr. E CmvUil, M. Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2loltot, and li. Majuyer............44929Spatial Transformation Models Roger p. VVÍMiiíí...................................46530Validation of RegistratEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
ion Accuracy Roger p. Woods................................49131Landmark Based Registration Using leal ores Identified throughDifferential Geometry XaIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2r Matching Marcel Van Herk.........................51533Within Modality Registration Using Intensity Based Cost FunctionsRager p. Woods................................................................... j2934Across Modality Rcgislr.ilton Using Intensity Based ( list FunctionsDerek LG. Hilt and Davi Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2d I Hawkes..................................................33735Talairarh Space as a Tool for Interxubjert Standardization in the Brainlark I.. Irou-Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
aOcr and Peter I. Ira. ..............................................55536Warping Strategies for Intenailijecl Registration Paul M. Ihompamand Arthur IVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2 K. Yiiung...........7.................................................60338Clinical Applications of Image Registration Robert Knowiton.......................61339Registration for Image Guided Surgery Eric Grimium and Ron Kikinu.................62340Image Registration ami the Construction Ilf Multid Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2imensional Brain AliasesArthur Hi Toga and Paul M. Tiiiinipwt..............................................635Roger p. WoodsUCLA School of MedicineTheEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
goal of image registration is to determine a spatial transformation that will bring homologous points in images being registered into correspondence.IVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2gistering images acquired from the same subject, it is often powiNe to assume that the body part being imaged can be treated as a rigid body, which leads to a highly constrained spatial transformation model. Unfortunately, physical processes involved in the acquisition and reconstruction of medical Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2images can cause artifacts and lead to violations of the rigid body model, even when the object being inraged adheres strictly to rigid body constrainEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
ts. Potential sources of such distortions are prevalent in magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) images. So far as is practicIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2 process itself, since this will improve both the speed and the421accuracy with which rigid body movements can be estimated. The chapters “Physical Basis of Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance Images" and "Physical and Biological Bases of Spatial Distortions in Positron Emission Tomography Ima Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2ges" describe the physical processes that lead to distortions in these common imaging modalities. Distortions of soft tissues can also lead to nonlineEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
ar effects that violate rigid body assumptions, a topic addressed in the chapters "Physical and Biological Bases of Spatial Distortions in Positron EmIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2ty that are much more difficult to model than the physical factors associated with image acquisition or reconstruction. Registration of images acquired from different subjects represents the extreme end of the spectrum, where developmental factors including genetics environment, ami random influence Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2s all contribute to the complex differences between subjects. The chapter “Biological Underpinnings of Anatomic Consistency and Variability in the HumEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
an Brain” provides an overview of the complexity of this most difficult registration problem in the context of the human brain.MikIi of the work that IVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2model is the set of linear constraints most commonly utilized, but outre relaxed linear models are also well suited for dealing with terlain types of image distortions such as errors in distance calibration. Even in the context of intersubject regisưation, where highly nonlinear transformations woul Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2d be required for perfect registration, linear transformations can provide useful approximations. The mathematical and geometric properties of linearEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
spatial transformations arc discussed in detail in the chapter “Spatial Transformation Models." One of the key attributes of linear models is that onlIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2o different tomographic image data sets is sufficient to estimate the three dimensional rigid Ixidy transformation needed to register the two sets of images with reasonable accuracy. Medical images commonly contain far more spatial information than this minimal requirement, and this redundancy can I Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2re exploited Io achieve highly accurate registration results with errors often smaller than the size of a voxel. The redundancy also provides a mechanEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
ism whereby registration aix.nrary can Ire objectively evaluated. As the appropriate spatial transformation model becomes less constrained for exampleIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2mathematical form of the spatial ưansiormation model is nonlinear and entails many degrees <>r freedom. Various strategies for evaluating registration accuracy are discussed in the chapter “Validation of Registration Accuracy."Another consequence of the redundancy of spatial information for deriving Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2 linear spatial transformations is the fact that diverse approaches can be successfully used for registration. Hislorirally. identification of point lEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
andmarks has Ireen tire most straightforward strategy employer). Most commonly, human intervention has provided the anatomic expertise needed Io identIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2rmation is straightforward. More recent work with point landmarks has focused on eliminating the need for human intervention by identifying unique features within the data sets and defining homologies among lhe.se features Using computerized methods. Work in this area is reviewed in the chapter “Lan Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2dmark-Based Registration Using Features Identified Through Dillerential Geometry." Tins novel approach Io landmark identification produces a much highEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
er degree of redundancy' of spatial information than can be practically achieved by a human observer, and has produced marked improvements in accuracyIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2ntification of point landmarks is the identification of curves or surfaces. Although they lack explicit one-to-one correspondences of landmark points, surface matching algorithms arc nonetheless able to minimize the distances between corresponding curves or surfaces to achieve accurate registration. Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2 The distance between surfaces at each point varies in a complex manner as the parameters of the spatial transformation model are varied, and efficienEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
t strategies for Computing these distances have a substantial impact on performance of such algorithms. Chamfer matching represents one approach to stIVRegistration26Physical Basis Ilf Spatial Distortions in Magnetic Resonance ImagesPeter lezzard...................................................... Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2 use of contours for registration can be viewed as being a somewhat more abstract strategy than point landmarks for tapping into the spatial information contained within images.IV Registration423Registration methods that arc based on image intensities represent an even more abstract strategy. Instea Ebook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2d of minimizing a real-world distance that has an obvious and intuitive link to the notion of an optimal sei of registration parameters, intensity-basEbook Handbook of medical imaging: Part 2
ed methods substitute a "cost function" that reflects similarities in image intensities. Since no anatomic features are explicitly identified, intensiGọi ngay
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