Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2 protein involved in stimulation of the cell cycle. Because the cell cycle can he regulated at many different points, proto-oncogenes fall into many different classes (i.e., growth factors, receptors, signal transducers, and transcription factors).2An oncogene is a mutated proto-oncogene that encode Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2s for an oncoprotein involved in the hypcrstimulalion of the cell cycle leading lo oncogenesis. Ulis is because the mutations cause an increased activEbook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
ity oi the oncoprotein (cither a hyperactive oncoprotein or increased amounts of normal protein), not a loss of activity of the oncoprotein.B.ALTERATIProto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2caused by the alteration of proto-oncogenes so that oncogenes are formed producing an oncoprotein. The mechanisms by which proto-oncogenes are altered include.1Point mutation. A point mutation (i.e., a gain-of-function mutation) of a protooncogene leads to the formation of an oncogene. A single muta Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2nt allele is sufficient to change the phenotype of a cell from normal to cancerous (Ĩ.C.. a dominant mutation). This results in a hyperactive oncoprotEbook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
ein that hyperslimulates the cell cycle leading to oncogenesis. Nolt’: proto-oncogenes only require a mutation m one allele for the cell to become oncProto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2m breakage and exchange of segments between chromosomes. This may result in the formation of an oncogene (also called a fusion gene or chimeric gene) which encodes for an oncoprotein (also called a fusion protein or chimeric protein). A good example is seen in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). CML l(9 Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2;22)(q34;ql 1) IS caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 with breakpoints al q34 and ql 1, respectively. The resulting dcr(Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
22) is referred to as the Philadelphia chromosome. This results in a hyperactive oncoprotein that hypcrslimulales the cell cycle leading to oncogenesiProto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2bodies separated from the chromosomes or as insertions witbin normal chromosomes. This results in increased amounts of normal protein that hyperstimulates the cell cycle leading to oncogenesis.58PROTO-ONCOGENES, ONCOGENES, AND TUMOR-4Translocation into a transcriptionally active region. A translocat Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2ion results from breakage and exchange of segments between chromosomes. This may result in the formation of an oncogene by placing a gene in a transcrEbook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
iptionally active region. A good example is seen in Burkitt lymphoma. Burkitt lymphoma t(8;14)(q24;q32) is caused by a reciprocal translocation betweeProto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2 locus (i.e.. an immunoglobulin gene locus) on chromosome 14<{32. thereby putting the MYC gene in a transcriptionally active area in B lymphocytes (or antibody-producing plasma cells). This results in increased amounts of normal protein that hyperstimulates the cell cycle leading to oncogenesis.c. M Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2ECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE RAS GENE: A PROTO-ONCOGENE (Figure 9-1).The diagram shows the RAS proto-oncogene and RA.S oncogene action.1rhe HAS proto-oncEbook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
ogene encodes a normal G-prolein with G IPase activity, rhe G protein is attached to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane by a lipid called far-nProto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2After a brief period, the activated G protein splits GTP into GDP and phosphate such that the stimulation of the cell cycle is terminated.21Í the RAS proto-oncogene undergoes a mutation, it forms the HAS oncogene, rhe RA5 oncogene encodes an abnormal G protein (RAS oncoprotein) where a glycine is ch Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2anged to a valine at position 12. The RAS oncoprotein binds GTP which stimulates the cell cycle. However, the RAS oncoprotein cannot split GTP into GDEbook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
P and phosphate so that the stimulation of the• Figure 9-1 Action of RAS Gene.cell cycle IS never terminated.60CHAPTER 9D. A LIST OF PROTO-ONCOGENES (Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2torsPlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)PDGFBAstrocytoma, osteosarcomaFibroblast growth factorFGF4Stomach carcinomaReceptorsEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)FGFRSquamous cell carcinoma of lung, breast, ovarian, and stomach cancersReceptor tyrosine kinaseRETMultiple endocrine adenomatosis 2Rec Ebook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2eptor tyrosine kinaseMETHereditary papillary renal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinomaReceptor tyrosine kinaseKITGastrointestinal stromal tumorsReceptEbook High-Yield cell and molecular biology - Cell and molecular biology (3rd edition): Part 2
or tyrosine kinaseERBB2Neuroblastoma, breast cancerSignalTyrosine kinaseABUBCRCML t(9;22Xq34;ql D*transducersSerine/threonine kinaseBRAFMelanoma, coloProto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes a Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, andTumor-Suppressor Geneso Pi'olo-Oiicogenes and OncogenesA.DEFINITIONS1A proto-on cogene is a normal gene that encodes aGọi ngay
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