Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
PARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2Metabolic Regulation. Illustrated with the Metabolism of Glucose and Glycogen 56016The Citric Acid Cycle 60117Fatty Acid Catabolism 63118Amino Acid Oxidation and the Productionof Urea 66619Oxidative Phosphorylation andPhotophosphorylation 70020Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plantsand Bacteria 76121Lip Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2id Biosynthesis 79722Biosynthesis of Amino Acids. Nucleotides, and Related Molecules 84323Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian MetabolismEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
891Metabolism is a highly coordinated cellular activity in which many multienzyme systems (metabolic pathways) cooperate to (1) obtain chemical energyPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2lecules, including precursors of macromolecules: (3) polymerize monomeric precursors into macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides: and (4) synthesize and degrade biomolecules required for specialized cellular functions, such as membrane lipids, intracellular messengers. and pigm Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2ents.Although metabolism embraces hundreds of different enzyme-catalyzed reactions, our major concern in Part II IS the central metabolic pathways, whEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
ich are few 111 number and remarkably similar 111 all forms of life. Living organisms can be divided into two large groups according to the chemical fPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2 atmosphere as their sole source of carbon, from which they construct all their carbon-containing biomolecules (see Fig. 1-5). Some autotrophic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, can also use atmospheric nitrogen to generate all their nitrogenous components. Heterotrophs cannot use atmospheric carbon Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2 dioxide and must obtain carbon from their environment in the form of relatively complex organic molecules such as glucose Multicellular animals and mEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
ost microorganisms are heterotrophic. Autotrophic cells and organisms are relatively self-sufficient, whereas heterotrophic cells and organisms, with PARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2 obtain their energy from sunlight, whereas heterotrophic organisms obtain their energy from the degradation of organic nutrients produced by autotrophs In our biosphere, autotrophs and heterotrophs live together in a vast, interdependent cycle in winch autotrophic organisms use atmospheric carbon d Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2ioxide to build then- organic biomolecules, some of them generating oxygen from water in the process Heterotrophs in turn use the organic products ofEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
autotrophs as nutrients and return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Some of the oxidation reactions that produce carbon dioxide also consume oxygen, PARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2en.cori!482Part II Bioenergetics and Metabolismsolar energy as the driving force for this global process (Fig. 1).All living organisms also require a source of nitrogen. which IS necessary for the synthesis of ammo acids, nucleotides, and other compounds. Plants can generally use either ammonia or n Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2itrate as their sole source of nitrogen. but vertebrates must obtain nitrogen in the form of amino acids or other organic compounds. Only a few organiEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
sms—the cyanobacteria and many species of soil bacteria that live symbiotically on the roots of some plants—are capable of converting ("fixing") atmosPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2. Thus, in addition to the global carbon and oxygen cycle, a nitrogen cycle operates m the biosphere, turning over huge amounts of nitrogen (Fig. 2). The cycling of carbon, oxygen. and nitrogen, which ultimately involves al) species, depends on a proper balance between the activities of the producer Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2s (autotrophs) and consumers (heterotrophs) in our biosphere.These cycles of matter are driven by an enormous flow of energy into and through the biosEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
phere, beginning with the capture of solar energy by photosynthetic organisms and use of this energy to generate energyrich carbohydrates and other orPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2, there is a loss of useful energy (free energy) and an inevitable increase in the amount of unusable energy (heat and entropy). In contrast to the cycling of matter, therefore, energy flows one wayFIGURE 1 Cycling of carton dioxide and oxygen between trie autotrophic (photosynthetic) and heterotrop Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2hic domains in the biosphere. The flow of mass through this cycle it enocrrxxjt; about 4 X 10” met-nc tons of carbon are turned o.’er in the biosphereEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
annually.FIGURE 2 Cycling of nitrogen in the biosphere. Gaseous nitrogen (Nj) maxes up 80% of the earth s atmosphere.through the biosphere; organismsPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2ly transformed into unusable forms such as heat.Metabolism, the sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurs through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that constitute metabolic pathways. Each of the consecutive steps in a metabolic pathway brings about a sp Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2ecific, small chemical change, usually the removal, transfer, or addition of a particular atom or functional group. The precursor is converted into aEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
product through a series of metabolic intermediates called metabolites. The term intermediary metabolism is often applied to the combined activities oPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2 degradative phase of metabolism m which organic nutrient molecules (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) are converted into smaller, simpler end products (such as lactic acid, COạ. NHj). Catabolic pathways release energy, some of which IS conserved in the formation of ATP and reduced electron carrier Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2s (NADH, NADPH. and FADH2); the rest is lost as heat. In anabolism, also called biosynthesis, small, simple precursors are built up into larger and moEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
re complexPart I BlOeneiyoiivJ OIIXJ mvunamwilmolecules, including lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Anabolic reactions require anPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of M Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2ome metabolic pathways are linear, and some are branched, yielding multiple useful end products from a single precursor or converting several starting materials into a single product, in general, catabolic pathways arc convergent and anabolic pathways divergent (Fig. t). Some pathways are cyclic: on Ebook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2e starting component of the pathway is regenerated in a series of reactions that converts another starling component into a product. We shall see examEbook Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th edition): Part 2
ples of each type of pathway in the following chapters.Most cells have the enzymes to carry our both the degradation and the synthesis of the importanPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of MPARTBIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM13Principles of Bioenergetics 48014Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 52115Principles of MGọi ngay
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