Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
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Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
Acid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in t Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2the human body.■State the normal ranges of arterial pH. P9/ and bicarbonate concentration, and define alkalosis and acidosis.■l ist the potential causes of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.■Discuss the respiratory mechanisms that help compensate for acidosis an Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2d alkalosis.■Evaluate blood gas data to determine add base status.■Classify and explain the causes of tissue hypoxia.The respiratory and renal systemsEbook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
maintain the balance of acids and bases in the body. This chapter will introduce the major concepts of the respiratory system’s contribution to acid Acid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in t Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2of acid base physiology, buf fcrs, and the chemistry of the CO,-bicarbonate system.INTRODUCTION TOACID-BASE CHEMISTRYAn acid can be simply defined as a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (a proton) to another substance and a base as a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion from another sub s Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2tance. A strong acid is a substance that is completely or almost completely dissociated into a hydrogen ion and its corresponding or conjugate base inEbook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
dilute aqueous solution; a weak acid is only slightly ionized in aqueous solution. In general. a strong acid has a weak conjugate base and a weak aciAcid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in t Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2aqueous solution (usually a combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base) that can resist changes in hydrogen ion concentration whenstrong acids or bases are added; that is, the changes in hydro* gen ion concentration that occur when a strong acid or base is added to a buffer system are much sm Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2aller than those that would occur if the same amount of acid or base were added to pure water or another nonbuffer solution.The hydrogen ion activityEbook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
of pure water is about 1.0 X 1 (I ' mol/L By convention, solutions with hydrogen ion activities above 10” mol/I. are considered to be acid; those withAcid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in t Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2 about 10'' for gastric acid to about 10’’ for the most alkaline pancreatic secretion. This wide range of hydrogen ion activities necessitates the use of the more con venient pll scale. The pH of a solution is the negative loga rithm of its hydrogen ion activity'. With the exception of the highly co Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2ncentrated gastric acid, in most instances in the body, the hydrogen ion activity is about equal to the hydrogen ion concentration.The pH of arterialEbook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
blood is normally close to 7.40, with a normal range considered to be about 7.35-7.45. An arterial pH (pl la) less than 7.35 is considered aãdemia; a Acid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in t Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2bases is referred to as acidosis; the underlying condition characterized by hydrogen ion loss or retention of375376 SECTION VI Pulmonary PhysiologyTABLE 37-1The pH scale.pHConcentration (nmol/L)6.91267ICO7.1797 JO637.3507.4407.532/.60257.7TO/.&)16Roprcdixrd Mth prrmlvaon from I cvrtrky MG: HAnonar/M Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2ytíoíogy. /rh rd NỜW York: McCrrovr Hill Mrdral, JOO/.base is referred to as alkalosis. Linder pathologic conditions, the extremes of arterial blood pEbook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2
ll have been noted to range as high as 7.8 and as low as 6.9. These correspond lo hydrogen ion concentrations as seen in Table 37-1 (hydrogen ion concAcid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in t Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2c as it is defined. An increase in pll repre sents a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration. In fact, an increase of only 0.3 pl I units indicates that the hydrogen ion concentration was cut in hah'. Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2Acid-Base Regulation and Causes of HypoxiaMichael LevitzkyCHAPTER37OBJECTIVES■Define acids, bases, and buffers.■List the buffer systems available in tGọi ngay
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