Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
Part IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Wdrsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; hania@ipgate.plAbstractIn many countries, particularly in populations with a Western lifestyle, allergic diseases are on the rise. As genetic factors have not changed, environmental factors must be playing Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2a role. Recently, attention has been focused on the role of the gut microbiota. However, despite many years of extensive research, the link between thEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
e gut microbiota and allergic diseases still has not been fully clarified. I he primary objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the rolPart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2and treatment of allergic diseases is reviewed. Hie focus is on allergic diseases typically found in infants.Keywords: children, allergy, atopy, eczema, food allergy, randomised controlled trial, meta-analysis9.1 IntroductionA llergic diseases can occur at almost any age (Boyce el al., 2011; Muraro Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2el al., 2014a). However, some allergic manifestations are most likely to develop for the first time in particular age groups. For example, in infantsEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
and children younger than 3 years of age, allergy to food (especially milk, eggs, wheal, nuts) is the most common, affecting up to 8% of children (SicPart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2jority of affected infants and children have one or more symptom(s) involving one or more organ system(s), mainly the gastrointestinal tract and/or skin. After the age of 3 years, allergy to inhalants becomes the predominant allergy. I hus, later in life, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hay fever bec Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2ome common. For diagnosing allergy, obtaining a detailed clinical history is critical. Ute gold standard tor the diagnosis of a potential food allergeEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
n is the double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge. Strict avoidance of the offending allergen is the main therapeutic option.The rising number of chPart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2awankar el al., 2014). Ihe origins of this increase are still not well understood. As genetic factors have not changed, environmental factors are thought to be playing a role. Recent evidence has demonstrated that, among other factors, disturbances in gut microbiota, defined as dysbiosis, may be rel Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2evant (Figure 9.1). This chapter summarises available information on the role of the gut microbiotaP.D. Browne. E. Claassen and M.D. Cabana (eds.) MicEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
robiota in health and disease, from pregnancy to childhoodDOI 10.3920/978-90-8686-839-1_9. © Wageningen Academic Publishers 2017165H. SzajewskaFigure Part IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2lopment of allergic diseases, with focus on allergic diseases typically found in infants and young children. Moreover, the role of probiotics and/or prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases is reviewed. Finally, this chapter presents suggestions for future clinical research.9 Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2.2 Gut microbiota & allergyResults from experimental studies suggest that early exposure to microbial antigens plays an important role in the developmEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
ent of the immune system and the establishment of a balance between T helper (TH) 1/TH2 cell responses. Thus, among other processes (Arrieta et ai, 20Part IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2ygiene hypothesis’ suggested that improved hygiene and reduced exposure of the immune system to the microbial stimulus (‘too clean’ of an environment) during infancy and early childhood predispose to impaired immune regulation in later life, leading to either TH2 diseases (such as allergy) or TH1 di Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2seases (such as type I diabetes) (Bach and Chatenoud, 2012; Prescot, 2003; Strachan, 1989). More recently, the hygiene hypothesis has166Microbiota inEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
health and disease: from pregnancy to childhood9. Microbiota in infant allergic diseasesbeen challenged (Haahtela et al., 2015; Hanski et al., 2012; RPart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2xposure and the properties of the infectious agent, host genetic susceptibility, and other environmental factors also may be important (Fishbein and Fuleihan, 2012; Guarner et al., 2006). Nevertheless, hypotheses suggesting that gut microbiota alterations could lead to the development of allergy are Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2 commonly considered. Factors that may change gut microbiota (Figure 9.1) and the subsequent effects on allergy risk are discussed below.Delivery modeEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
Ihere is consistent evidence that the mode of delivery affects gut microbiota (Adlerberth and Wold, 2009; Azad et al., 2013; Dominguez-Bello et al., 2Part IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2 by caesarean section compared with infants born vaginally. Infants delivered by caesarean section had lower total microbiota diversity, as well as lower abundance and diversit}' of Bacteroidetes phylum, during the first 2 years of life. Moreover, reduced levels of I .J I -associated chemokines, wit Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2h a shift of the I ][l /1 Jj2 balance towards a more allergic Ì n2 response, were documented in infants delivered by caesarean section compared with tEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
hose born vaginally (lakobsson et al., 2013). One recent study concluded that mode of delivery was one the key factors (together with cessation of brePart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2microbiota composition between infants born naturally and infants delivered by caesarean section were greater than differences due to feeding methods (breast milk versus formula) (Madan et al., 2016).Il has been hypothesised that these differences in gut microbiota between infants born via caesarean Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2 section versus those born vaginally may contribute to the risk of allergic diseases and asthma. I lowever, data arc conflicting. One systematic revieEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
w found that caesarean section does appear to moderately increase the risk for allergic rhinitis, asthma, hospitalisation for asthma, and food allergyPart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2on increases the risk of asthma in children by 20% (Thavagnanam et al., 2008). However, the association between the mode of delivery and some allergic manifestations has not been confirmed in some subsequent studies (Pyrhoncn et al., 2013).Feeding after deliveryMultiple observations have repeatedly Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2shown that the mode of feeding after birth (breastfeeding versus formula) influences the composition of the gut microbiota (Bezirtzoglou et al., 2011;Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
l.e Huerou-Luron et al., 2010; Penders el al., 2006). This is mainly due to the fact that human milk contains human milk oligosaccharides that can stPart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2nd disease: from pregnancy to childhood167H. Szajewskaborn vaginally at home and were breastfed exclusively seemed to have the most ‘beneficial’ gut microbiota (highest numbers of bifidobacteria and lowest numbers of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli). Compared with breast-fed infants, excl Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2usively formula-fed infants were more often colonised with E. colt, c. difficile, Bacteroides, and lactobacilli (Penders et al., 2006). The USA infantEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
twin cohort study also detected differences between the breast-fed and formula-fed infants (Yatsunenko et al., 2012). Finally, one recent study showePart IV.Gut microbiota: it's role in paediatric diseasesChapter 9The role of intestinal microbiota in infant allergic diseasesH. SzajewskaDepartment o Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2 resulted in intestinal microbiota communities similar to those found in exclusively formula-fed infants (Madan et al., 2016).While the effect of infant feeding on gut microbiota is clear, conflicting data exist on the relationship between breastfeeding and allergic disease risk. Recently, a Lancet Ebook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2review concluded that in children who are breastfed, ‘there is no dear evidence of protection against allergic disorders: no association with eczema oEbook Microbiota in health and disease - From pregnancy to childhood: Part 2
r food allergies and some evidence of protection against allergic rhinitis in children younger than 5 years’ (Lodge et al., 2015; Victora et al., 2016Gọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook